Thirst and Body Fluid Regulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil E. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Drinking Behaviour ◽  
Fluid Regulation ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Body Fluid Regulation

Body fluid regulation is pivotal to human health and is served by extensive clinical and pre-clinical science. By combining modern advances with previous findings in the field, this book presents a comprehensive treatment of major experiments, theories, and new advances in the field of body fluid regulation, thirst, and drinking. It features the main integrative brain mechanisms for fluid regulation, the development of such systems, fluid balance during heat and exercise, aging and clinical disorders, and comparative aspects of fluid regulation. The volume focuses on mammalian thirst or drinking behaviour alongside relevant aspects of the physiology of fluid balance. The principal fluid compartments and their regulation by both intakes and losses are highlighted, using both human and animal studies to illustrate the main concepts.

scholarly journals Central neural control of sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure following exercise training

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (3) ◽  
pp. H527-H537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaushik P. Patel ◽  
Hong Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Chronic Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Sympathetic Outflow ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Fluid Regulation ◽  
Autonomic Reflexes ◽  
Body Fluid Regulation

Typical characteristics of chronic congestive heart failure (HF) are increased sympathetic drive, altered autonomic reflexes, and altered body fluid regulation. These abnormalities lead to an increased risk of mortality, particularly in the late stage of chronic HF. Recent evidence suggests that central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms may be important in these abnormalities during HF. Exercise training (ExT) has emerged as a nonpharmacological therapeutic strategy substitute with significant benefit to patients with HF. Regular ExT improves functional capacity as well as quality of life and perhaps prognosis in chronic HF patients. The mechanism(s) by which ExT improves the clinical status of HF patients is not fully known. Recent studies have provided convincing evidence that ExT significantly alleviates the increased sympathetic drive, altered autonomic reflexes, and altered body fluid regulation in HF. This review describes and highlights the studies that examine various central pathways involved in autonomic outflow that are altered in HF and are improved following ExT. The increased sympathoexcitation is due to an imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms within specific areas in the CNS such as the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Studies summarized here have revealed that ExT improves the altered inhibitory pathway utilizing nitric oxide and GABA mechanisms within the PVN in HF. ExT alleviates elevated sympathetic outflow in HF through normalization of excitatory glutamatergic and angiotensinergic mechanisms within the PVN. ExT also improves volume reflex function and thus fluid balance in HF. Preliminary observations also suggest that ExT induces structural neuroplasticity in the brain of rats with HF. We conclude that improvement of the enhanced CNS-mediated increase in sympathetic outflow, specifically to the kidneys related to fluid balance, contributes to the beneficial effects of ExT in HF.

Cold-water acclimation does not modify whole-body fluid regulation during subsequent cold-water immersion

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 56-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Stocks ◽  
M. J. Patterson ◽  
D. E. Hyde ◽  
A. B. Jenkins ◽  
K. D. Mittleman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fluid Regulation ◽  
Body Fluid Regulation

Diverse mechanisms for body fluid regulation in teleost fishes

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (7) ◽  
pp. R778-R792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshio Takei ◽  
Junya Hiroi ◽  
Hideya Takahashi ◽  
Tatsuya Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Endocrine Control ◽  
Ion Regulation ◽  
Teleost Species ◽  
Fluid Regulation ◽  
Body Fluid Regulation

Teleost fishes are the major group of ray-finned fishes and represent more than one-half of the total number of vertebrate species. They have experienced in their evolution an additional third-round whole genome duplication just after the divergence of their lineage, which endowed them with an extra adaptability to invade various aquatic habitats. Thus their physiology is also extremely diverse compared with other vertebrate groups as exemplified by the many patterns of body fluid regulation or osmoregulation. The key osmoregulatory organ for teleosts, whose body fluid composition is similar to mammals, is the gill, where ions are absorbed from or excreted into surrounding waters of various salinities against concentration gradients. It has been shown that the underlying molecular physiology of gill ionocytes responsible for ion regulation is highly variable among species. This variability is also seen in the endocrine control of osmoregulation where some hormones have distinct effects on body fluid regulation in different teleost species. A typical example is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); ANP is secreted in response to increased blood volume and acts on various osmoregulatory organs to restore volume in rainbow trout as it does in mammals, but it is secreted in response to increased plasma osmolality, and specifically decreases NaCl, and not water, in the body of eels. The distinct actions of other osmoregulatory hormones such as growth hormone, prolactin, angiotensin II, and vasotocin among teleost species are also evident. We hypothesized that such diversity of ionocytes and hormone actions among species stems from their intrinsic differences in body fluid regulation that originated from their native habitats, either fresh water or seawater. In this review, we summarized remarkable differences in body fluid regulation and its endocrine control among teleost species, although the number of species is still limited to substantiate the hypothesis.

Body fluid regulation in µ-gravity differs from that on Earth: an overview

2000 ◽  
Vol 441 (S1) ◽  
pp. R66-R72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Drummer ◽  
Rupert Gerzer ◽  
Friedhelm Baisch ◽  
Martina Heer
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Fluid Regulation ◽  
Body Fluid Regulation

Increased hexokinase activity in forebrain of water-deprived and diabetes insipidus rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (2) ◽  
pp. R268-R273
Author(s):  
T. L. Krukoff ◽  
W. E. Turton ◽  
F. R. Calaresu
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Fluid Regulation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Body Fluid Regulation

Metabolic studies using the 2-[14C]deoxy-D-glucose and cytochrome oxidase techniques have demonstrated changes in the activity of central sites associated with the hypothalamoneurohypophysial system in water-deprived (WD) and diabetes insipidus (DI) rats. Another method that may be used as an index of metabolic activity in discrete regions of the central nervous system is the measurement of hexokinase (HK) activity. This study describes changes in metabolic activity, as measured by HK histochemistry, in regions of the forebrain of WD and DI rats. Significant increases in HK activity measured by densitometric analysis were observed in the magnocellular component of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, supraoptic nucleus, nucleus circularis, and neurohypophysis of WD and DI rats. In addition, increased HK activity was observed in the preoptic area and subfornical organ of DI rats. These data demonstrate that metabolic changes occur in the forebrain of WD and DI rats within structures involved in body fluid regulation. The present study also demonstrates that HK histochemistry may be used as a marker of metabolic activity in discrete regions of the central nervous system.

BODY FLUID REGULATION DURING COLD STRESS

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (supplement) ◽  
pp. S75
Author(s):  
A. J. Young ◽  
S. R. Muza ◽  
M. N. Sawka ◽  
K. B. Pandolf
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Fluid Regulation ◽  
Body Fluid Regulation
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