Map of South-East Europe and the Balkans, 1939–1941

2020 ◽  
pp. 151-214
Author(s):  
Stevan K. Pavlowitch

This chapter reviews the outcomes of the Allied victories at Stalingrad and in North Africa at the end of 1942. It analyses the expected assault on 'Fortress Europe', interest in the Balkans, and the mood in the peninsula. The chapter also discusses Yugoslavia's partisans safe base — the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). Along with pro-Allied anti-communist armed groups, they became a concern for the Germans, who wanted to destroy all native enemies, real and potential, before an Anglo-American landing. The chapter then takes a look at Germany's preparations for the imminent Italian withdrawal and the fear of an Allied attack. It also claims that Italy's economic position in the NDH had been weak from the start and its zone was the poorest. Ultimately, the chapter assesses the Italian withdrawal and how the Germans had to take over responsibility for the whole of south-east Europe.


Music ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Samson

For the purposes of this article, “the Balkans” refers to the territories of present-day Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, and the successor states of Former Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia). The geographical scope has been determined principally by Ottoman presence and legacy in Europe, though the European part of present-day Turkey is not included. Nor is Hungary, despite the Ottoman presence there, since its cultural history is more closely aligned to Habsburg Central Europe. Conversely, Slovenia, which was never occupied by the Ottomans, is admitted, since it was drawn into the political communities of the two Yugoslav states. These days it is usual to describe the wider region as South East Europe, implying an accommodation to the European project. In contrast to this, the term “Balkans” has acquired pejorative connotations in some circles, signifying what is taken to be the darker past of the region. The art music of the Balkans is not widely known. Of individual composers, only George Enescu and Nikos Skalkottas have achieved anything like international visibility, though Josip Slavenski and Manolis Kalomiris are highly valued in some quarters. As a result, the major studies of art music are by native scholars, and in languages that are arcane to most. Yet there is no option but to persevere, since these studies are in many cases the only source of detailed information, especially given the absence of published scores for much of the repertory. In contrast, the traditional music of the region has been much foraged by scholars from without, and notably by North American academics. Partly because premodern music-making survived longer in the Balkans than in many other parts of Europe, ritual repertories from agrarian communities have highly distinctive qualities, and have often been subject to appropriation, a prey to exoticist agendas from without or to nationalist agendas from within. It is partly to correct an ideologically motivated imbalance in coverage that a number of younger scholars have been giving greater attention to Ottoman-influenced urban traditions from the early 20th century, and to present-day popular music. A separate scholarly thread running through literature on the region concerns the Orthodox chant that is found across the Christian Balkans. There is an industry of publication in this field, much of it dealing with the distribution and provenance of specific manuscripts. It should be noted that although this is a transnational repertory, it is frequently incorporated within national narratives. Once again, it has fallen to younger scholars to mitigate the distorting effects of this national perspective, notably by examining the connections that exist between Orthodox traditions and Ottoman sanat (art) music.


2009 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia Drakopoulou

<p>During the eighteenth century, the aesthetic preferences of the Orthodox Christian population in the Balkans continued to depend upon the tradition of Byzantine art, which had been the case throughout the period following the Fall of Constantinople. The painters were scattered all over the Balkans, where the Orthodox population had been accustomed since previous centuries to the tastes emanating from Byzantine artistic tradition. The Patriarchate of Constantinople and Mount Athos played a crucial role, on account of their religious and political status, in the movements of Orthodox painters, whose missions and apprenticeships they regulated to a considerable degree. The great number of paintings, the observation of the itineraries of Orthodox painters throughout the Balkan area of the Ottoman Empire and the shared aesthetic of these works supply evidence of the development of a common painting language among the Orthodox population of South-East Europe during the eighteenth century, just before the formation of the nation-states.</p>


2014 ◽  
Vol 187 ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Avšič Županc ◽  
Miša Korva ◽  
Alemka Markotić

Author(s):  
Gregory R. Copley

It has been long and widely forecast that the security situation in the Balkans — indeed, in South-Eastern Europe generally — would become delicate, and would fracture, during the final stages of the Albanian quest for independence for the Serbian province of Kosovo and Metohija. The Kosovo region is now a lawless area. It has been ethnically-cleansed of Serbs, and re-populated by Albanians who have progressively and illegally, over the past decades, migrated into the area. Years of so-called peacekeeping by the international community count for nothing. Kosovo’s presence as a nominally independent state, without any of the essential foundations to meet the true criteria for sovereignty, can in no way further the stability of the region, or of Europe. Neither can it serve US strategic interests, unless US interests can be defined as a breakdown of viability of Eastern and southern Europe. Not only Kosovo, but all of Albania and other Balkan communities have become captive of the criminal-political movements which owe their power to their alliance with Al-Qaida, Iran, and the Saudi-funded Wahhabist movements. Therefore, new warfare will be supported by many elements of the international Јihadist movements which work closely with Albanian groups such as the KLA along the so-called Green Transversal line (or Zelena Transverzala) — really a clandestine highway or network — which not only carries jihadists but also narcotics and weapons along international supply lines crossing from Turkey and the Adriatic into the Balkans and on into Western Europe. So, the broader battle is now being joined in South-East Europe, in Kosovo, Rashka, the Preshevo Valley, in FYROM, Montenegro, and Epirus being in large part proxy warfare which is symptomatic of the emergence of a new Cold War on a global scale. One can only imagine the negative consequences for Balkan stability if, for example, Turkey’s status changes and Ankara no longer feels obliged to temper its activities, or its use of Islamist surrogate or proxy groups to further pan-Turkish ambitions. On the other hand, we have not yet seen the completion of the break-up of Yugoslavia, and even the wrenching of Kosovo may not complete it. We will then see the dismemberment of some of the Yugoslav parts already independent, perhaps even the dismemberment of FYROM and Bosnia. Perhaps those State Department officials will be surprised, too, to see — a decade or two hence — the claims of autonomy emerging for parts of Arizona, Southern California, or Texas, citing the same pretext of “self-determination” now being claimed by those who moved across the borders to occupy Serbia’s Kosovo province. The Balkans region and the Eastern Mediterranean generally are entering a further period of crisis, insurrection, and possibly open conflict. None of the regional states, but particularly Serbia, are doing enough to address the security ramifications of the coming de facto independence of Kosovo. Finally, conflict issues in the Middle East, and specifically in Iraq, and relating to Iran, will continue to have a profound impact on the stability of the Balkans, and vice-versa


2006 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Lucian M. Ashworth

<p>Today David Mitrany is best known for his work on international functionalism, which influenced the development of European integration and the organisation of United Nations specialised agencies. What is often ignored in the West is his work on South-East Europe. During the inter-war period Mitrany studied both the operation of war government and the subsequent peasant revolution in the Balkans. War government demonstrated that political organisation could bridge the gap between social action and private property, while the peasant social revolution showed that the abstract economics associated with both capitalist and Marxist economics was not applicable outside of urban industrial production. It was through his studies of South-East Europe that Mitrany drew many of the lessons and concepts that were to form the foundations of his international theory.</p>


2008 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Zarifi

<p>This article highlights the political merit natural sciences were awarded under the totalitarian regime of Nazi Germany and their propagandistic role in Hitler's foreign policy agenda for the Balkans, a region which was expected to replace Germany's colonies lost in World War I. It accounts further for the policies and strategies National Socialists used to exert cultural influence on the countries of South-East Europe, namely through a number of institutions with which natural sciences were in one way or another involved in order to promote German culture abroad. The promotion of the German language and, to a certain degree, the Nazi ideology was a precondition for familiarising the Balkan countries with German scientific achievements, which would pave the way for an economic and political infiltration in that region. Therefore, natural sciences, as part of the German intellect, acquired political and economic connotations hidden behind the euphemistic term of cultural policy, designed for this region of geopolitical importance. The article is based almost exclusively on unpublished German records.</p><p> </p><p> </p>


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Mustafa Selcuk

AbstractThe movement of more than a million immigrants to Europe has challenged European policies on the issue and shacked the very foundations of the European Union. Immigrants are not a new phenomenon in Europe especially in the Balkans (South East Europe) examined. The immigrant crisis that erupted in 2015 and 2016 was unique in terms of the number of people, the conditions and the emergencies created. Increased terrorism in Europe and huge number of immigrant arrived Europe via South East Europe, and initiation of immigrant campaigns in Europe on social media helping to immigrants for arrive to central Europe the same time states actor responses towards immigrants crisis. The purpose of this research figure out responses states actors in South East Europe towards immigrant crisis and European Union deal with Turkey. The concept of the research is understanding impact of immigrant crisis between 2015-2016 years, when one of huge number of immigrants arrived Europe and responses states actors South East Europe. The research technique mainly relies on sources such as journal articles, newspaper articles, on-line sources, and research center reports which are related with the immigrant crisis in South East Europe (Balkans) and Turkey. EU and Turkey deal jammed up because of political issues between EU and South East European countries overburdened towards immigrant crisis. While increased immigrant deaths in Aegean Sea positive view regarding to immigrants, even though increased terrorist incidents in Europe started negative view to immigrants.Keywords: Greece, Immigrant Crisis, Refugee, Southeast Europe, Turkey AbstrakPergerakan lebih dari satu juta imigran ke Eropa telah menantang kebijakan Eropa mengenai isu imigran dan menggoyahkan landasan Uni Eropa yang telah mapan selama ini. Imigran bukan fenomena baru di Eropa terutama di Balkan (South East Europe). Krisis imigran yang meletus pada tahun 2015 dan 2016 sangat menarik pada aspek jumlah orang, kondisi dan keadaan darurat yang diciptakan. Meningkatnya terorisme di Eropa dan sejumlah besar imigran tiba di Eropa melalui Eropa Tenggara. Inisiasi kampanye imigran di Eropa melalui media sosial, membantu imigran untuk sampai ke Eropa Tengah pada saat yang sama menimbulkan krisis pada negara. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tanggapan para aktor di Eropa Tenggara terhadap krisis imigran dan kesepakatan Uni Eropa dengan Turki. Konsep penelitian ini adalah pemahaman dampak krisis imigran antara tahun 2015-2016, ketika salah satu dari sejumlah besar imigran Eropa tiba, dan tanggapan negara aktor Eropa Tenggara. Teknik penelitian ini terutama mengandalkan sumber seperti artikel jurnal, artikel surat kabar, sumber daring, dan laporan pusat penelitian yang terkait dengan krisis imigran di Eropa Tenggara (Balkan) dan Turki. Kesepakatan Uni Eropa dan Turki macet karena adanya isu politik antara negara-negara Uni Eropa dan Eropa Tenggara yang terbebani krisis imigran. Sementara, insiden kematian imigran di Laut Aegea meningkatkan pandangan positif mengenai masalah  imigran, meskipun  meningkatnya  insiden  teroris  di  Eropa  mulai  menunjukkan pandangan negatif kepada masalah imigran.Kata kunci: Eropa Tenggara, Krisis Imigran, Pengungsi, Turki, Yunani


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