nazi ideology
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Author(s):  
Henrieta Kuzderová ◽  
Klaudia Bednárova-Gibová

This paper addresses the translator’s role from an ideological standpoint and seeks to show that the actions of translators are not completely arbitrary and may be influenced by a wide array of factors and especially ideologies. The basic assumption is that translators can detach texts neither from the ideologies of the source nor the target culture. This study results from qualitative research, namely a critical conceptual analysis of the selected theories of translation studies (Baker, 2006; Lefevere, 1992; Venuti, 1995). The conceptual reflection implies that translations serve as an infinite source of culture and history, serving the target but not the source culture. The critical discourse analysis of English translations of two selected novels that contain the ideologies of socialist and post-socialist era, and the Nazi ideology, suggests that the tendencies in translation strategies vary depending on diffusion of the languages, and awareness of the target culture and history.


Author(s):  
Adam Piette

Sylvia Townsend Warner’s wartime novel The Corner that Held Them (1948), about a nunnery during the Black Death, reflects on female community and bonding in a period of male fascist violence. The novel explores the shift from pacifism to acceptance of the need for anti-fascist war which characterised Warner’s intellectual beliefs from the 1930s into wartime, probing the arts of peace in compositional practice. Such a dialectic of war and peace is considered in relation to what Maud Ellmann has described as the outward turn to collective choral consciousness in mid-century modernism. This article explores both the staging of fascism as plague and the feminist daring and limits that Warner saw as operative in female witnessing and withstanding of Nazi ideology and menace. It closely reads key scenes from the panorama of a novel (notably Alianor’s stillness as her husband is killed, Alicia’s plans to withstand the economic impact of the Black Death and the cure of Ralph’s plague symptoms) to register the satirical and allegorical substance of Warner’s rescripting of Woolfian notions of resistance to warmongering misogyny by a society of outsiders. The readings seek to consolidate a varied and multiple sense of the book as a Marxist historical novel that gives voice to the ruled. In doing so Warner analyses the Black Death as a moment in history that saw the emergence of early modern capitalism and labour relations out of the feudal system, even as the religious framework that had structured medieval Europe gave way to more secular beliefs in autonomy, self-determination, citizen and collective dreams, projects and affects. At the same time the plague as a political trope, rooted in anti-fascist rhetoric that turns Nazi anti-Semitic uses of the Black Death motif on their head, triggers readings that bring those historical scenes into allegorical relation with the ways in which the Second World War was experienced by marginalised female communities.


2021 ◽  
pp. 095394682110511
Author(s):  
Ryan Buesnel

In 1939, scholars associated with the pro-Nazi Thüringian German Christian movement founded a research institute dedicated to the task of removing the legacy of Judaism from Christianity. The mission of the Institute for the Study and Elimination of Jewish Influence on German Church Life was to render Christianity acceptable within the antisemitic and militarized climate of National Socialism. This task required purging Christian theology of Jewish influence, a feature evident in the Institute's version of the New Testament titled The Message of God. This publication aimed to transform the religious experience of ordinary German believers and would eventually sell over 200,000 copies. This article examines material in this text as it relates to the Sermon on the Mount and concludes that, despite the apparent incongruity between Nazi ideology and New Testament ethics, the editors of the so-called ‘Nazi Bible’ believed their task to be guided by Christian ethical principles.


Author(s):  
Kuzovova N.

The purpose of the work. The article is devoted to the fate of Volksdeutsche women after the end of the Second World War. The focus is on the history of women in southern Ukraine, a region of Ukraine where a large part of the German population is under occupation. The historiography of the problem covers works that cover the issue of gender history in the context of the topic: Larysa Belkovets, Lyudmila Burgart, Andriy Kotlyarchuk, Maya Lutai, Olena Styazhkina and others. The sources of the study were the NKVD investigative cases against women who accepted German citizenship, eyewitness accounts, and statistics. Results and scientific novelty of the study. The circumstances and reasons why women chose the status of Volksdeutsche have been clarified. In particular, the study found that this was not always a voluntary or conscious choice: women in difficult life situations chose a survival strategy that they thought could be successful. Volksdeutsche status did not guarantee a happy life, adequate nutrition or normal living conditions for the woman and her family. He was entitled to minimal assistance, but imposed many responsibilities on the Volksdeutsche, forcing them to accept Nazi crimes against civilians and send their children to Hitler's or the German Girls' Union, where they were raised in the spirit of Nazi ideology. German women seldom took an active part in collaborationism: they seldom worked as translators, teachers for Volksdeutsche and Ukrainian schools that did not last long in the occupied territories. In the south of Ukraine, the Volksdeutsche also included ethnic Swedes – residents of the Swedish colony Staroshvedske. For the Germans of southern Ukraine in the status of Volksdeutsche, the war ended first with the forced evacuation to Germany by the Germans, and then by the forced repatriation of Soviet troops home. As a result, Volksdeutsche women were tried on charges of treason and aiding the Nazis. Women made up the majority of special settlers in Siberia, the Urals, and Kazakhstan. However, many Germans managed to avoid repatriation and remain in European countries forever without Soviet influence.Key words: local history, gender history, Volksdeutsche, World War II, NKVD. Мета роботи. Стаття присвячена долі жінок-фольксдойче після завершення Другої світової війни. В центрі уваги історії жінок Південної України, регіону України, на території якого значна частина німецького населення опинилась в окупації. Історіографія проблеми охоплює роботи, в яких висвітлюється питання гендерної історії в розрізі теми: Лариси Белковець, Людмили Бургарт, Андрія Котлярчука, Майї Лутай, Олени Стяжкіної та інших. Джерелами дослідження стали слідчі справи НКВС щодо жінок, котрі прийняли німецьке підданство, спогади очевидців, статистичні матеріали. Результати та наукова новизна дослідження. З’ясовані обставини та причини, чому жінки обирали статус фольксдойче. Зокрема в процесі дослідження з’ясовано, що це не завжди був добровільний чи усвідомлений вибір: жінки, що опинялись в складних життєвих ситуаціях, обирали стратегію виживання, яка на їхню думку могла стати успішною. Статус фольксдойче не гарантував щасливого життя, достатнього харчування чи нормальних умов проживання для жінки та її сім’ї. Він давав право на мінімальну допомогу, проте накладав на фольксдойче чимало обов’язків, змушував примирюватися із злочинами нацистів по відношенню до мирного населення та віддавати дітей в гітлерюнг чи до Союзу німецьких дівчат, де їх виховували у дусі нацистської ідеології. Німецькі жінки рідко брали активну участь у колабораціонізмі: вони зрідка працювали перекла-дачками, вчительками для фольксдойче та українських шкіл, що недовго існували на окупованій території. На Півдні України до фольксдойче зараховували також етнічних шведів – мешканців шведської колонії Старошведське. Для німців Півдня України в статусі фольксдойче війна завершилася спочатку примусовою евакуацією в Німеччину німцями, а потім примусо-вою репатріацією радянськими військами додому. В результаті на жінок-фольксдойче чекали суди із звинуваченнями у зраді та пособництві фашистам. Жінки становили більшість спецпоселенців в Сибіру, на Уралі та в Казахстані. Проте багатьом німкеням вдалось уникнути репатріації і назавжди залишитись у країнах Європи поза радянським впливом.Ключові слова: локальна історія, гендерна історія, фольксдойче, Друга світова війна, НКВС.


2021 ◽  
pp. 110-117
Author(s):  
M. V. Pozina

The essay is concerned with the work of the Irish writer John Boyne, who received international renown upon publication of his two young adult novels: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas and The Boy at the Top of the Mountain. The two books are connected by the same topic — a child and the war — as well as an unconventional view of the fate of the small protagonist who becomes entangled in the big history. Among the characters of Boyne’s novels are children of high-ranking Nazis, prisoners of concentration camps, people inhabiting pre-war Europe, and even the Führer (Hitler) himself. The essay not only comments on the plots of the two novels, which follow the lives of Boyne’s young protagonists, but also suggests that everyone, including children, is responsible for their moral choice: whereas Bruno, the hero of The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, remains pure in heart, his counterpart Peter (Pierrot) from The Boy at the Top of the Mountain becomes infected with Nazi ideology. In addition, the essay discusses certain facts of the writer’s biography, mentioning, in particular, that he turned to young adult fiction after a successful career in ‘grown-up’ literature.


2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-385
Author(s):  
Rolf Uwe Fülbier

In their interesting case study about Handelshochschule Leipzig under the Nazi regime, published 2020 in Accounting History, Detzen and Hoffmann focus on inaugural speeches and other material that emphasize the more formal and political perspective of the business school’s management. They identify an increasing political pressure and influence of Nazi ideology with impact on several accountability dimensions. This case study also provides useful starting points for further and deeper research efforts. There is more to say about German academics and universities during that time in general, and about Handelshochschule Leipzig in particular. In this comment, I raise more thoughts and open questions especially with regard to the individual situation of professors, the impact on teaching and research, the role of other university groups such as students, as well as further accountability issues with the question of complicity at an individual as well as institutional level. I provide a set of complementary missing pieces that qualify as suggestions for future research in this important and still relevant topic area.


Český lid ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-216
Author(s):  
Klára Woitschová

This text discusses the history of the Ethnographic Department during the 1938–1948 period, i.e., chiefly during the Second World War and the Third Czechoslovak Republic. There was the significant shift in the ideological concept of the National Museum, as the institution progressed from the ideology of Czechoslovakism to defence of the Czech nation, and it was also necessary to deal with the pervading Nazi ideology and its specific manifestations (e.g., Germanization and Aryanization). On a practical level, the department primarily had to cope with a lack of space, as well as the gradual loss of and the fluctuations in staff. The fate of Drahomíra Stránská, who was a key figure in the museum’s ethnography, is also discussed. On a conceptual level, the department did not advance much and remained at the level of descriptive or comparative ethnography with an emphasis on other Slavic nations and the domestic environment.


2021 ◽  
pp. 088832542093779
Author(s):  
Irina Nastasă-Matei

Foreign students and researchers in Germany became, after 1933, a tool of Nazi propaganda. Those receiving financial support from the Germans, such as the recipients of the Humboldt fellowships, were further compromised. This article aims to shed light on the role played by Humboldt fellowships in the political and ideological transfer between Nazi Germany and Romania. It aims to re-create the profile of the fellows and the influence of the fellowship on the Romanian fellows’ political and ideological development, in order to establish how they functioned as Nazi propaganda tools. Throughout the 1930s, the number of young Romanians going to study and carry out research in Nazi Germany increased considerably, while the financial support they received from the Germans became more significant—including a larger number of Humboldt fellowships. This shows not only that Nazi Germany had a special interest in developing its relations with Romania but also that Romania was embarked on a path of far-right radicalization, with students and youth becoming sympathizers of Nazi Germany and sometimes members of the Iron Guard. The Romanian Humboldt fellows were politically instrumentalized by the Third Reich: they were engaged in far-right political activism, were influenced in their professions and writings by the Nazi ideology, and sometimes they even went on to occupy various positions in the Romanian bureaucratic or diplomatic apparatus.


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