scholarly journals Manufacturing Germans: Singer Manufacturing Company and American Capitalism in the Russian Imagination during World War I

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
BENJAMIN SAWYER
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Business Model ◽  
International Business ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of Capitalism ◽  
American Capitalism ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Affiliation ◽  
Central Argument ◽  
The Russian Empire

Just months after the outbreak of World War I, rumors spread throughout the Russian Empire that Singer Manufacturing Company’s wholly owned Russian subsidiary, Kompaniia Zinger, was a German company that was actively engaged in espionage on behalf of the German military. Even though these rumors were untrue, they unleashed a wave of actions against the company that Singer’s officials were unable to stop, ultimately leading to tremendous losses for the firm. The central argument of this article is that the power of the accusations of Singer’s German ties rested far more on the nature of the company’s business model than on the national affiliation of its personnel or evidence of espionage. In the context of World War I–era Russia, many Russians took Singer’s operations not as those of an international capitalist enterprise, but rather as evidence of the company’s questionable foreign character. This perspective helps us to understand why Singer’s management had such difficulty shaking the accusations of its German ties; if what was suspicious about the company was the very foundation of its business model, then its continued operation meant that it necessarily exhibited characteristics that reinforced the basis for said suspicion. These findings have implications for international business history, the history of late-Tsarist Russia, and the history of capitalism.

scholarly journals Rights and obligations of prisoners of war in the World War I and their observance in Lebedyn District of Kharkiv Province

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
N.V. Lobko
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
World War ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Russian Empire

History of World War I that due to its global consequences started a new stage of development of European civilization still draws attention of many researchers. One of the most interesting topics for researchers is the topic of war imprisonment during the World War I. Stay of prisoners of war in the territory of Ukraine is a scantily studied issue. The objects of this study are prisoners of war who were in Lebedyn district of Kharkiv province during the World War I (1914–1918). The subject of the research is the legal status of prisoners of war, the protection of their rights and the observance of their duties. The author analyzed norms of international law and Russian legislation for regulation conditions of war imprisonment during the period of war. Using materials of Lebedyn District of Kharkiv Province, being deposited in the archives of Sumy Region, the author examines the legal status of prisoners of war, the protection of their rights and the observance of their duties. The position of prisoners of war during the World War I on Ukrainian lands as part of the Russian Empire was determined by the norms of international law and Russian legislation for regulation conditions of war imprisonment during the period of war. Using the archival sources kept in funds of the State Archives of Sumy Region, it was found that the rights of prisoners of war were generally ensured on the territory of the Lebedyn District of Kharkiv Province. However, there were not a few cases when Austrian and German prisoners suffered from hunger, domestic inconvenience and abuse by employers. There were also repeated violations of their duties by prisoners of war. The most common violations were refusal to work, leaving the workplace.

The Lost Sanjaq

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Nicolaus
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
World War ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sacred Image ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
East Anatolia ◽  
Detailed Picture

AbstractThe seven sanjaqs, or sacred images of Malak Tawus, are the most concrete expression of Yezidism and considered the holiest of the holy ritual objects of that religion. Only a handful of non-Yezidis have ever seen one, and very little is known about them. The latter holds, in particular, true with regard to the so-called Moskovi-sanjaq. Before World War I it was sent to the Russian Empire (East Anatolia and the Transcaucasus) every year, but was reported lost in 1914.Based on numerous interviews with Yezidis in Armenia, as well as on official correspondence between British, Iraqi, and Soviet authorities, the first part of the article reconstructs the odyssey of the Moskovi-sanjaq and the seven priests (qewwals) carrying it. It confirms that after 16 years of wandering through the Transcaucasus, five of the seven qewwals were eventually able to return via Odessa and London to the Yezidi heartland in Northern Iraq, but concludes that the Moskovi-sanjaq was ultimately lost in Georgia—confiscated by the Soviet authorities.The second part of the paper describes the history of a second sanjaq, which the author discovered in a village near Yerevan, secretly kept and protected from the prying eyes of non-Yezidis by a sheikhly family. Although all tales and myths, explaining how this second sanjaq arrived in Armenia, are examined and analysed, the origin of that sacred image remains mysterious. The article further paints a detailed picture of the cult, which evolved around the sacred image in Armenia as well as of the—sometimes savage—fights over its possession and the struggle of the keepers of the sanjaq with the Soviet authorities. In addition to interviews with eyewitnesses, the author bases his findings on court decisions and minutes of the councils of Yezidi elders, as well as information found at Yezidi graveyards.

scholarly journals During the first World War Germany and Austria –Hungary prisoners of the Aulie Ata county

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Apendiyev
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Living Will ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First World

The First World War was the largest event in the history of mankind, which had a significant impact on the fate of many peoples, including states. One of the main factors was the capture of troops and individuals on the front of the war between warring states and the flight of soldiers as a result of the war. During the war, neighboring states, political allies captured each other's armies and citizens. The capture of citizens of each other took place between the Entente and the central powers. The Russian Empire, which was part of the Entente and was considered the main participant in the war, detained people from the central powers. Citizens of the central powers captured during the war were sent to all regions of the Russian Empire, which also extended to the steppe and Turkestan provinces. Based on this, the Turkestan Territory was considered one of the key regions of the Russian Empire, in which Europeans were accepted. In the era of the empire, European prisoners lived in the Aulie ata district of the Turkestan governor general in the SyrDarya region. Representatives of European nationality have lived in the region since the end of the nineteenth century, and this continued during the years of the First World War. During World War I, the Aulie atа district was considered one of the districts where European prisoners and refugees were received. Although the number of prisoners of war from the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary) in the Ayulie atа district is small, traces of political prisoners of war still remain from these states. The article discusses the history of prisoners of war deported to Aulie ata district during the war years. The socio-political status of the citizens of Germany and Austria-Hungary who arrived in Aulie atа County, their life is studied. The nationality and surname of the captives will be determined, and their standard of living will be determined.

scholarly journals DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR GERMANY AND AUSTRIA – HUNGARY PRISONERS OF THE AULIEATA COUNTY

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (383) ◽  
pp. 218-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apendiyev T.А. ◽  
Abdukadyrov N.М.
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Living Will ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First World

The First World War was the largest event in the history of mankind, which had a significant impact on the fate of many peoples, including states. One of the main factors was the capture of troops and individuals on the front of the war between warring states and the flight of soldiers as a result of the war. During the war, neighboring states, political allies captured each other's armies and citizens. The capture of citizens of each other took place between the Entente and the central powers. The Russian Empire, which was part of the Entente and was considered the main participant in the war, detained people from the central powers. Citizens of the central powers captured during the war were sent to all regions of the Russian Empire, which also extended to the steppe and Turkestan provinces. Based on this, the Turkestan Territory was considered one of the key regions of the Russian Empire, in which Europeans were accepted. In the era of the empire, European prisoners lived in the Aulieata district of the Turkestan governor general in the SyrDarya region. Representatives of European nationality have lived in the region since the end of the nineteenth century, and this continued during the years of the First World War. During World War I, the Aulieatа district was considered one of the districts where European prisoners and refugees were received. Although the number of prisoners of war from the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary) in the Aulieatа district is small, traces of political prisoners of war still remain from these states. The article discusses the history of prisoners of war deported to Aulieata district during the war years. The socio-political status of the citizens of Germany and Austria-Hungary who arrived in Aulieatа County, their life is studied. The nationality and surname of the captives will be determined, and their standard of living will be determined.

An Introduction to the History of Debt

Debtor Nation ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Hyman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
World War ◽  
Governmental Policy ◽  
American Capitalism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entrepreneurial Innovation

This introductory chapter provides a history of debt. While personal lending had always existed, before 1917 it had never been legal to charge interest rates high enough to turn a profit and, equally important, lenders had never been able to resell their consumers' debts or borrow against them. In short, personal debt had never been able to be a normal business. However, personal debt assumed a new role within American capitalism once it became legal, sellable, and profitable. These developments did not occur all at once, but happened over the course of the twentieth century, beginning after World War I, and resulting as much from entrepreneurial innovation as governmental policy. Common to all these shifts were new ways of regulating and reselling debt. Indeed, regulation made legal lending possible, but its relative strength and enforcement propelled lending in some unexpected directions.

Autocracy Defeats Military Reform on Eve of First World War

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-157
Author(s):  
Mark von Hagen
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
General Staff ◽  
Military Reform ◽  
German Model ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family Connections ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First World ◽  
Industrial Revolutions

AbstractSteinberg reconstructs the history of the Russian Imperial General Staff during the final decades of the autocracy and highlights the reformist vision of War Minister Alexei Kuropatkin. The aim of the reformers was to create a general staff on the Prussian/German model that would allow Russia to fight the new wars of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, wars marked by increasingly large conscript armies and the application of ever more lethal weaponry made possible by Europe's industrial revolutions. The reforms also focused on officer education and aimed at creating leadership for the management and coordination of the troops in wartime. Unfortunately for Russia, these reforms foundered on the resistance of the autocrat himself and the structure of privilege that gave family connections and noble privilege power over merit and competence. They also met resistance from an older tradition of military leadership and education that favored elan over technical expertise with modern weaponry. The first test against a modern enemy during the Russo-Japanese War ended in humiliating defeat and the marginalization of the General Staff Academy by Nicholas II and his entourage, save for his uncle, the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich. Even with the Grand Duke's encouragement of the reformers, what they could accomplish was too little and too late for the next large confrontation that sealed the fate of the Russian Empire, World War I.

A Bulgarian Student in Early XX Century Ukraine: Study, Lifestyle and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-411
Author(s):  
Аndrii Chutkyi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Studying Abroad ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Town

The paper discusses the life of Konstantin Nikolov, a Bulgarian from the town of Gorna Oryahovitsa, during his study at the Kyiv Institute of Commerce (1909 – 1915). The very “insignificance” of this person allows for some wider generalizations, given the fact that precisely such people best reflect the society as a whole. For this reason, the study of ordinary people’s biographies has become an important focus of modern historiography. Nikolov’s student years illustrate some aspects of contemporary Bulgarian history and exemplify the experience of Bulgarian students in the Russian Empire before and during the World War I. The present study is based on archive materials previously untapped by scholars. It also involves some documents relative to Svitozar Drahomanov, who was of Ukrainian origin but spent his childhood in Bulgaria and studied at the Kyiv Institute of Commerce along with Nikolov, as well as documents regarding a trip to Bulgaria by Czesław Madej, another student of the same institute. The study demonstrates that archives of different Kyiv-based higher educational institutions should be explored for more valuable materials regarding Bulgarian born students, which may help draw a fuller picture of Bulgarian-Ukrainian relations in the field of education and culture. This, in turn, will contribute to a deeper understanding of the history of Ukrainian higher education in the early 20th century. It will also provide a wider perspective on the phenomenon of Bulgarians studying abroad before and during the World War I, including the life situations of the students during this period which proved crucial for the whole European civilization.

A Forgotten Diplomatic Front of World War I: Ethiopia

Belleten ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 71 (261) ◽  
pp. 757-768
Author(s):  
Kenan Tepedelen
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
World War ◽  
German Empire ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
Ethiopian Orthodox ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ethiopian Government ◽  
The Russian Empire

The First World War that caused the collapse of four Empires: the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, is being remembered today as a pitiless conflict that caused the death of 8.700.000 soldiers and civilians and the rendering destitute of at least quite as many. Those who study the WWI tend to focus their attention upon the large battles that took place during the 1914-18 period but few realise the enormous struggle for influence over Ethiopia - the then only independent country, other than Liberia, on the African Continent - that took place between the Entente and the Central Powers and the intensity of diplomatic efforts made to draw Ethiopia into one camp or the other. The appointment of Ahmed Mazhar Bey, a previous director of the Translation Department at the Bâb-ı Ali (Sublime Porte) as Consul General of the Ottoman Empire in the eastern Ethiopian city of Harar and the subsequent transfer of the Consulate General to the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa in 1914, led to important developments in the history of Ethiopia. Mazhar Bey who would demonstrate soon his skills of visionary in his position, was quick to realise the strategic advantages that would accrue from the alignment of Ethiopia to the ranks of the Central Empires. The Turkish Consul General's efforts towards this end were met favourably by Lidj Iyassou, the young de facto Emperor of Ethiopia, who, besides his sympathy for Islam, had developed a personal friendship with Mazhar Bey. The possible entry of Ethiopia to the war on the side of the Central Powers caused the Ambassadors of the Entente Powers (Great Britain, France and Italy) in Addis Ababa to take action and on September 10th 1916, the British, French and Italian Ministers made a joint "demarche" vis-avis the Ethiopian Government. The fruits of the Entente Powers' undertaking were soon to be harvested. The Archbishop of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church Abouna Matheos would, on the 27th September 1916, declare Prince Lidj Iyassou both deposed and excommunicated. Thus, the Addis Ababa "Coup d'Etat" of 27th September 1916, was going to change the course of the history of modern Ethiopia.

The President and American Capitalism Since 1945

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Business History ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of Capitalism ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
American Capitalism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Presidential Studies ◽  
Changing Role

This anthology contributes to the literature on the history of capitalism and connects the fields of political history, business history, and presidential studies. The essays demonstrate the prominent role of presidents in the economic and social fabric of American life. At the same time, the essays highlight the changing role of liberalism in post-World War II America. The chapters are organized thematically and grouped together as sections on patterns, sectors, and environments. The book, likewise, emphasizes the key role played by the presidency in the development of capitalism since 1945.

scholarly journals „ARCHEION” JOURNAL

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
Ewa Rosowska-Jakubczyk
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
World War ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
European Nation ◽  
Nation States ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Russian Empire

World War I and the resulting new geopolitical map of Europe fundamentally changed the situation of Poland. Disintegration of multinational European powers: the Russian Empire, Prussia, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire resulted in emergence of new European nation states: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland. Revival of the sovereign state of Poland, after Polish lands had remained under the rule of foreign powers for more than 120 years, has galvanized the community of Polish historians and archivists. The most urgent tasks undertaken by the community after establishment of the sovereign Polish state in 1918 were to secure the archival holdings that had been severely damaged and scattered as a result of warfare, to recover the archival materials that were removed from the Polish territories by the partitioning powers, and to undertake efforts leading to organization of Polish archival service[1]. These most important tasks were reflected in the provisions of the Decree on the Organization of State Archives and Care for Archival Materials, issued by the highest state authorities on February 7, 1919 - the first legislative act in the field of archives in the history of modern Poland[2].   [1] See more: Archiwa w Niepodległej. Stulecie Archiwów Państwowych 1919-2019, red. nauk. E. Rosowska, Warszawa 2019;  Motas M., Powstanie  polskiej  państwowej  służby  archiwalnej   przed odzyskaniem niepodległości, „Archeion” t. 69, 1979, s. 39–56; Motas M. W sześćdziesiątą rocznicę objęcia archiwów i archiwaliów przez władze polskie na jesieni 1918 r. w byłej Kongresówce, „Archeion”, t. 67, 1979, s. 97–107. [2] Mencel T., Dekret o archiwach i opiece nad archiwami z 7 lutego na tle ówczesnego ustawodawstwa archiwalnego w Europie, [in:] Sześćdziesięciolecie polskich archiwów państwowych. Materiały  z  sesji,  Łódź  10  XI  1979  r.,  red.  nauk.  A.  Tomczak,  M. Przeczek, Warszawa 1981.

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