TO THE QUESTION OF THE SUPPLY OF PARTISANS AND UNDERGROUNDERS OF THE CRIMEA WITH THE HELP OF AVIATION IN 1941-1944

Статья посвящена проблеме анализа материально-технического обеспечения в годы Великой Отечественной войны партизан и подпольщиков Крыма, которая недостаточно изучена в отечественной историографии. На основе вводимых в научный оборот неопубликованных материалов из фондов Государственного архива Республики Крым автор исследует причины, побудившие Совет Народных Комиссаров Крымской АССР и военное командование Северо-Кавказского фронта организовать помощь «народным мстителям». В статье рассмотрены основные мероприятия Крымского обкома ВКП(б) по оказанию помощи антифашистскому сопротивлению: подготовка баз снабжения, авиационной техники, летного состава, подвоз продовольствия, организация аэродромов. Акцентируется внимание на факторе содействия советских ВВС в перевозке участников разведывательно-диверсионных и подпольных организаций с баз Северного Кавказа на территорию оккупированного Крыма и в передаче секретной информации в расположение советского командования. Автор приходит к выводу, что благодаря проводимым советским руководством мероприятиям был организован мощный воздушный мост между Северным Кавказом и партизанскими базами Крыма. Это позволило обеспечить партизан и подпольщиков Крыма необходимыми запасами продовольствия, медикаментов, оружия, боеприпасов в переломный момент Великой Отечественной войны. The paper is devoted to the problem of analyzing the material support during the Great Patriotic War of the partisans and underground fighters of the Crimea, which has not been sufficiently studied in Russian historiography. On the basis of unpublished materials from the funds of the State Archives of the Republic of Crimea introduced into scientific circulation, the author examines the reasons that prompted the Council of People’s Commissars of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the military command of the North Caucasian Front to organize the help for the “people’s avengers”. The publication discusses the main activities of the Crimean Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks to provide assistance to the anti-fascist Resistance: the preparation of supply bases, aircraft, flight personnel, the supply of food, the organization of airfields. Attention is focused on the factor of assistance of the Soviet Air Force in the transportation of members of reconnaissance, sabotage and underground organizations from the bases of the North Caucasus to the territory of the occupied Crimea, and in the transfer of classified information to the location of the Soviet command. The author arrives at the conclusion that thanks to the measures carried out by the Soviet leadership, a powerful air bridge was organized between the North Caucasus and the partisan airfields of the Crimea. This made it possible to provide the partisans and underground fighters of the Crimea with the necessary supplies of food, medicines, weapons, ammunition at the turning point of the Great Patriotic War.

«The Klutkoism». Saransk Case of 1934.

The article is devoted to the events of the first part of 1930-ies in the Mordovian Autonomous Region. The politics struggle between different groups of the soviet and party ruling elite, which accompanied the process of the formation of Mordovian statehood and the korenization of the State machinery are considering as well. On the example of Mordovian oblast committee and Saransk town committee of VKP(b) some features inherent in the regional Soviet nomenclature of the 1930s are shown. The article acknowledges that in Mordovia, the struggle between various groups of the Soviet and Party elite was significantly influenced by the national factor and the process of indigenization of the administrative apparatus. At the same time, there was tension between the First secretary of the regional Party Committee sent from the outside, who tried to rely on his own proteges, and the regional nomenclature clans formed from local national cadres. Meanwhile, in the existing system of close-knit corporate groups and bureaucratic clans based on personal ties and mutual responsibility, there was a rapid degeneration of Party and Soviet executives. This led to the spread of such negative phenomena as leaderism, embezzlements, abuse of official position, etc. In preparing the article, the method of analyzing historical documents, historical and systemic, historical and comparative methods were used. Archival documents (from the Central State Archives of the Republic of Mordovia), as well as materials of the Soviet periodicals from the newspapers Volzhskaya Kommuna and Krasnaya Mordovia served as the basis for the source base of the article.

Этикетные формулы как этнолингвистические компоненты оригинальных и переводных калмыцких деловых текстов XVIII в. (на материале писем хана Аюки и их русских переводов 1714–1715 гг.)

Introduction. Kalmyk official texts of the 18th century and their parallel translations into Russian are, in the author’s opinion, ethnolinguistic sources, rich in culturally marked linguistic means. So far, initial formulas in Kalmyk official letters of the period and their Russian translations have not been studied in a comparative mode. The article aims to analyze etiquette formulas of Khan Ayuka’s letters as ethnolinguistic components, comparing them with their Russian translations. Materials and methods. The sources for the research were Kalmyk Khan’s letters of 1714–1715, kept in the Russian State Archives of Ancient Acts and in the National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia. To identify translation strategies, both simultaneous and diachronic Russian translations of the material are used. The research involves descriptive, comparative-contrastive methods, as well as the method of contextual analysis. Conclusions. Comparative analysis of the original and translated texts indicated some differences in the traditions of greeting in the cultures in question, which are reflected in official writing. The translated texts are characterized by greater variability of linguistic means influencing the modality of etiquette statements: e. g. the addressee’s and addresser’s names may be added or deleted, ethnolinguistically marked language may be introduced, when components associated with the traditions of Buddhism were excluded or replaced with those associated with the Christian worldview. Depending on the addressee, his status, and the nature of official relationship of correspondents, the character of the etiquette formulas and greetings changes, too: the higher is the addressee’s status, the more complex is the syntactic aspect of etiquette formulas and the greater is the portion of lexical items of an elevated, loftier style used in translations. Of relevance is also the sequence of etiquette formulas in official correspondence, changes in the sequence marking the status of the addressee as well.

Organization of economic activity of the Mari, Mordovia and Chuvash economic councils in the first year of their existence: successes and failures

In the article, the author investigates the insufficiently studied topic of transformation of the organization of economic activity of the economic councils of individual territories at the suggestion of N.S. Khrushchev at the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1957 using comparative historical, quantitative methods, analysis and synthesis. As a result, on the basis of the adopted Law On the further improvement of the management of industry and construction, a territorial management system was created, suggesting that the management of industry and construction should be implemented on a territorial basis on the basis of economic administrative regions. Initially, 70 economic administrative regions were formed, including Chuvash, Mari and Mordovia, in each of which a Council of National Economy was created. The economic councils were state bodies for the management of enterprises, construction projects and organizations of the Union-republican industry located on the territory of the economic administrative region. The article defines the first results of the activity of the Union of National Economy of the Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash ASSR in 1957; the personnel situation, which has become one of the main problems in the development of economic councils, is presented; disclosed the main planned performance indicators of the SNKh, which, on the whole, received a satisfactory assessment. However, despite the positive growth of the main economic indicators, serious difficulties and miscalculations were observed in the work of the economic councils, which were indicated, among other things, by the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. On the basis of documents from the State Archives of the Russian Federation, regional archives and research literature, the author of the article highlighted the main successes and failures in the activities of the SNKh of the republics of the Middle Volga region. The author concluded that for the national regions, the period of activity of the economic councils was a breakthrough in the national economic complex. The Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash economic councils have done significant work to develop the industry in the peripheral regions of the country, significantly enlarging the existing ones and building new powerful and promising enterprises.

From the History of Establishment and Activities of the Mordovian Working Faculty (1929–1939)

Introduction. In the 1920s and 1930s, the USSR accumulated significant experience in pre-university training for young people, some elements of which remain relevant to this day. In domestic historical science, special attention was paid to the analysis of the phenomenon of workers’ faculties, which played a huge role in our country in the formation of the Soviet intelligentsia. However, at the regional level, to date, there is not a single special study, which would comprehensively consider the issues of the emergence and activities of the Mordovian workers’ faculty. This article attempts to partially fill this kind of “white spot” in the latest historiography of the history and culture of the Mordovian region and people. Materials and Methods. The main resource base of the study was made up of materials from the funds of the Central State Archives of the Republic of Mordovia (CSA RM), most of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The methodological basis for the analysis of the collected factual material was both general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, etc.) and special historical methods: descriptive (ideographic), historical-genetic, problem-chronological, historical-systemic. Results. The author reveales the reasons for the creation of the Mordovian workers’ faculty as the main form of pre-university training in Mordovia in the 1930s, shows the dynamics of its student body; analyzes the state of the educational process and extracurricular work at the workers’ faculty; gives the characteristic features of the financial situation, everyday life and life of Mordovian students-workers of the faculty. Conclusion. The creation of the Mordovian Workers’ Faculty at the end of the 20s of the last century was an adequate response to the urgent vital need of the young Mordovian statehood for its own highly qualified personnel. With all the minuses and shortcomings in its activities, the workers’ faculty has become the main “forge of applicants” from workers and peasants for the higher school of Mordovia, a kind of “forerunner” of the preparatory department and the faculty of pre-university training and secondary vocational education of Ogarev Mordovia State University.

SOVIET REPRESSION AGAINST REFUGEE JEWS FROM THE TERRITORY OF POLAND AND CZECH-SLOVAKIA BEFORE AND AT THE BEGINNING OF WORLD WAR II

Purpose: to analyze a set of documents stored in the funds of the State Archives of Kherson region – cases of repressed refugees from Poland and Czechoslovakia in 1938-1941. Based on historiographical and source studies on this topic, to outline the general grounds for arrest and persecution of refugees by Soviet authorities and to find out why Jews – former citizens of Poland and Czechoslovakia – found themselves in the focus of repression. Research methodology. The main research methods were general and special-historical, as well as methods of archival heuristics and scientific criticism of sources. Scientific novelty. Previously unpublished documents are introduced into scientific circulation: cases of repressed refugees from Poland and Czechoslovakia, analysis of the Soviet government's policy towards Jews who tried to escape from the Nazis in the USSR and the Union Republics in southern Ukraine, including Kherson. The forms of repression applied by the NKVD to refugee Jews are analyzed, and the consequences of such a policy for the German government's policy of genocide in the occupied territories are examined. Conclusions. The study found that the formal reason for the persecution of Jewish refugees was the illegal crossing of the border with the USSR, since the Soviet Union, like many countries in the world, refused to accept Jews fleeing the Nazi persecution. The Soviet government motivated this by the fact that refugee Jews spread mood of defeat and panic, spied for Germany, Britain, and Poland, had anti-Soviet views, and conducted anti-Soviet campaigning. As a result of the arrests and deportations of Jewish refugees, the Jewish population, particularly in southern Ukraine, was unaware of the persecution of Jews in lands occupied by Nazi Germany. In fact, the Jewish refugees sent to the concentration camps, along with the Germans of Ukraine and the Volga region, were the only groups of people thus "evacuated" by the Soviet authorities on ethnic grounds. However, due to the enemy's rapid offensive, refugees who did not fall into the hands of the NKVD shared the tragic fate of Ukrainian Jews during the Holocaust.

“OLEVSK BORDERLINE” AFTER THE PEACE OF RIGA: BORDER PROBLEMS AND PEOPLE'S FATES

The purpose of the study is to clarify the peculiarities of the development of the Soviet-Polish border and the impact of territorial changes on the daily lives of residents of the “Olevsk Borderline”, in particular through the emergence of mass illegal border crossings related to smuggling. The research methodology involves a combination of general scientific and special-historical methods of research: problem-chronological, retrospective comparative, historical-genetic, source critical, archival heuristics, which have helped to identify, process and systematize the available factual material. Scientific novelty of the research. The author for the first time introduces into scientific circulation materials of the State Archives of Zhytomyr Oblast, which allow to trace the development of banditry in these areas, show the level of economic development of the region and explain the expediency of consumer smuggling. The materials of criminal-investigative cases of repressed residents of “Olevsk Borderline” on charges of espionage have been released, the information capabilities of these documents for research of the everyday history of the mentioned region have been revealed. Conclusions. The administrative-territorial changes that took place as a result of the signing of the Peace of Riga and changes in the daily lives of the inhabitants of the border areas have been described. It is shown how the weak level of border protection contributed to the violation of the border regime, contacts between the local population on both sides of the border, and became one of the reasons for the emergence of smuggling in this area.