scholarly journals STELES AND STATUS: EVIDENCE FOR THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW ELITE IN YUAN NORTH CHINA

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyasu Iiyama
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
North China ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Descent Line ◽  
Official Status ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Patronage System ◽  
Mongol Rule

AbstractDrawing on stele inscriptions in a Yuan-period ancestral graveyard, this article aims to shed light on the emergence and evolution of a Chinese office-holding family in North China under Mongol rule (thirteenth- to fourteenth century). Tracing the family's connections with Mongols, it argues that adaptation to the Mongolian patronage system was essential to obtaining and maintaining political status during the Yuan, and that the kin group was stratified with the patronized descent line monopolizing political privilege. In doing so, the article highlights the value of stone inscriptions in clarifying official status, patronage, and inheritance rights in North China during the Yuan period.

Nomadic Populations and the Challenge to Political Legitimacy: Three Cases from the Medieval Islamic West

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Hopley
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter examines the responses of three important medieval Maghribī dynasties to the dilemmas posed by nomadic populations dwelling in their midst. These dynasties include the Almoravids in al-Andalus in the twelfth century, the Almohads in the Maghrib in the thirteenth century, and the Ḥafṣids, successors to the Almohads in Ifrīqiya, during the fourteenth century. The aim is to shed light on the challenges that nomadic populations posed to political legitimacy, and to suggest, paradoxically perhaps, that the presence of unruly nomads in the medieval Islamic west, and the effort to contain them, served an important role in each dynasty's attempt to gain political legitimacy in the eyes of the Muslim community.

Mystical Encounters: Locating Sufis and Sufism in the Biographical Writings of Ibn al-Khaṭīb

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 352-382
Author(s):  
Linda G. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Biographical Dictionary ◽  
Shed Light

Ibn al-Khaṭīb’s engagement with Sufism has received less attention among scholars than other aspects of his political and literary career. The existing research has focused primarily on the debate concerning the sincerity of his commitment to Sufism. This article proposes to locate Ibn al-Khaṭīb’s attitude toward Sufism and the Sufis of fourteenth-century Nasrid Granada by analyzing some of the notices he dedicated to Sufis in his biographical dictionary, al-Iḥāṭa fī akhbār Gharnāṭa. By studying a broad range of biographies, this article hopes to shed light on Ibn al-Khaṭīb’s views regarding the compatibility of Sufism with public service and to increase our knowledge about the activities of the Sufis of Nasrid Granada by illustrating the various roles they played in Nasrid society.

The Peasant Family and Crime in Fourteenth-Century England

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Hanawalt Westman
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Family Involvement ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
Criminal Records ◽  
Quantitative Indices ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Peasant Family ◽  
Shed Light

Since the reading of their father's will, Robert and Thomas le Parker had been arguing over a piece of land which their father left to Thomas. Robert decided to force Thomas into a settlement and on the day of the murder had taken two of his kinsmen to Thomas's house. Abducting Thomas to his own house, Robert locked the door and began to threaten Thomas with a knife. Thomas tried to escape but, finding the door locked, he seized the knife from Robert and killed his brother in self-defense. When discussing the involvement of family in criminal activities, it seems appropriate to begin with the oldest crime in our tradition — that of brother killing brother, Cain killing Abel. But despite the sensational qualities of this type of dispute, normally the families who appear in medieval criminal records were cooperating in felonious activities rather than directing their wrath toward each other. More typical is the rather pedestrian case of Simon Tut of Wappenham and his son Richard, who were convicted for stealing sheep in Bodecote in Northamptonshire. This paper will examine several quantitative indices which will shed light on both intrafamilial crime and that involving family cooperation: the frequency of familial as compared with non-familial crimes; the specific types of crimes involving family and the degree of kinship between family members appearing in criminal courts. Finally, the essay will suggest some general conclusions about tensions in rural society and within the medieval peasant family which contributed to family involvement in crime.

Confronting the Foreigner: Common Policies of Rashid al-Din and Liu Bingzhong on Mongol Rule in Iran and China

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
ATRI HATEF-NAIEMI
Keyword(s):  
Early Stages ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Common Policies ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Mongol Rule

Abstract This article discusses the career of three historical figures who had a position of authority in the courts of the Ilkhans and the Great Khans of the Mongol Empire in China: Rashid al-Din Tabib (d. 1318), the Persian statesman and historian; Liu Bingzhong (d. 1274), Qubilai Khan's (r. 1260-94) Chinese counsellor; and Bolad Aqa (d. 1313), the famed Mongol tribesman. This study raises the question of whether Rashid al-Din's policies, when he was in office as the vizier of Ghazan Khan (r. 1295-1304), were modelled in some respects on the approach of the Chinese nobles—Liu in particular—to the Mongols during the early stages of the Mongol rule over China. In addition, taking into account Bolad's noticeable presence in the courts of the Mongols in Ilkhanid Iran and Yuan China, it seeks to shed light on his role as an intermediary and a possible conduit for Chinese political thoughts to reach Rashid al-Din.

The Makara in Early Chinese Buddhist Sculpture

1951 ◽  
Vol 83 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
J. H. Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
North China ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Common Occurrence ◽  
Northern Wei ◽  
Northern Wei Dynasty ◽  
Made In ◽  
Wei Dynasty

In the early Buddhist cave temples made in the latter half of the fifth century a.d., during the Northern Wei dynasty, at Yim-kang, in the Shansi Province of North China, can be found several carvings of a curious creature connected with the arches over a seated Buddha figure. It occurs at either end of the arch, the end merging into the hinder part of the creature, which is left with two legs, a long neck, and head. The body is turned away from the arch so that the two creatures are back to back, one at each end of the arch. Examples can be seen in Dr. Sirén's Chinese Sculpture from the Fifth to the Fourteenth Century, plates 51, 55, 57, 59, 60, and 61, in Tokiwa Daijo and Sikeno Tadaishi's Buddhist Monuments in China, vol. ii, plates 22 (2), 27, 30 (2), and 40, and in Chavannes' Mission archèologique dans la Chine septentrionale, plates 255, 256, 262–8, 272, and 277. Its representation was thus of common occurrence but nobody seems to have ventured to identify the creature. It is true that Dr. Sirén, with reference to plate 60 mentioned above, described the two arches being supported by two hydras and again wrote of the hydra and phœnix-like birds which support the foils of the arches, but he goes no further than this vague description.

scholarly journals Pathological evidence reveals cattle traction in North China by the early second millennium BC

The Holocene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1205-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minghao Lin ◽  
Fengshi Luan ◽  
Hui Fang ◽  
Hong Xu ◽  
Haitao Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
North China ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Pi Method ◽  
The Past ◽  
Labour Exploitation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Development Trajectories ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Shed Light

The use of cattle labour in antiquity is a worldwide well-discussed topic among researchers as it can shed light on the possible development trajectories of our communities over the past several millennia. Zooarchaeology can play a vital role in illuminating the history of cattle traction through observed pathologies on cattle bones linked to traction activity. Systemic zooarchaeological investigation is still underdeveloped in China, one of the likely early beneficiaries of animal labour exploitation in the world. Here, we apply the pathological index (PI) method, first developed by Bartosiewicz et al. on European assemblages, to Chinese Bronze Age cattle bones. Our results first confirm the wide applicability of the PI method with the involvement of Chinese control samples, which holds the potential to be applied as an effective tool in a larger geographical region. Our results also confirm the importance of cattle traction for the Late Shang states ( c. 1300–1046 BC) as previously proposed on the basis of disputed interpretations of oracle bone inscriptions as showing cattle ploughing, but also show that light cattle traction practices likely developed in China in the Bronze Age Erlitou ( c. 1750–1530 BC) and Early Shang ( c. 1600–1300 BC) periods. Cattle traction use in the Chinese Bronze Age may have facilitated the introduction and subsequent cultivation in China of wheat, an exotic cereal.

The impotence of power: Morgenthau's critique of American intervention in Vietnam

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 1335-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
LORENZO ZAMBERNARDI
Keyword(s):  
Vietnam War ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
World Politics ◽  
American Intervention ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Social Bases ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
The Military ◽  
Modes Of Thought ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractWhile a superb scholarship on Morgenthau as a political theorist has literally exploded over the past ten years, his analysis of foreign policy has been generally neglected, overlooking the intimate relationship between theory and policy in his practical philosophy. This article presents Morgenthau's public opposition to the Vietnam War by placing it in the broader framework of his theoretical work. In doing so, I illustrate and clarify the meaning of three theses that are at the very centre of his political reflection: the critique to any type of universalistic understanding of world politics; his claim about the intangible roots and social bases of political order; and, finally, the dangers of the ‘military displacement of politics’. Writing about Morgenthau's critique of American intervention in Vietnam today is neither a purely academic exercise, nor a mere historical reconstruction of a great scholar's position on one of the most important military conflicts of the twentieth century. In fact, this article aims to shed light on some intellectual categories which seem to be useful in order to understand current political phenomena, and to criticise philosophies and faulty modes of thought that still enjoy a predominant but unjustified political status.

scholarly journals The Black Death in the Maghreb

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 115-123
Author(s):  
Rachel Singer
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Shed Light

The Black Death in the Maghreb is severely understudied. There is little scholarship on the Maghrebi experience of the second pandemic in general. That which exists bases its conclusions on Al-Andalusi and Middle Eastern sources and does not incorporate the paleoscientific data which has shed light on plague outbreaks for which there is less traditional evidence. As a result, little is known about the Maghrebi Black Death, and this ignorance is detrimental to our understanding of the Black Death in adjacent regions, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper surveys the existing scholarship on plague in fourteenth-century North Africa and argues that the field both needs and deserves further attention. It then suggests directions for further study grounded in an interdisciplinary approach incorporating paleoscience, plague ecology, archaeology, and a reexamination of Maghrebi primary texts.

scholarly journals NOMINAL GENDER AND NUMBER IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TIMORESE VARIETY OF PORTUGUESE

Diacrítica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Isabel A. Santos ◽  
Cristina Martins ◽  
Isabel Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
General Data ◽  
Nominal Agreement ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Official Status ◽  
Shed Light

This study contributes to the description of East-Timorese Portuguese (ETP), focusing on the variable patterns of nominal agreement in number and gender operating in this variety. The relevance of the research hinges on the fact that ETP is an understudied non-native variety (NNV) of Portuguese. Given its emergent state, the study of this particular variety can furthermore shed light on the historical process that led to the formation of other NNV. NNV are a product of the non-native acquisition of a language that, in a given territory, takes on official status, this is to say, is a second language (SL). Comparing production data by NNV speakers and by foreign language (FL) learners can elucidate both common and specific patterns of behavior. In this study, texts written by ETP speakers and by PFL learners were compared. Results revealed similar trends in both samples, but also a greater preference of ETP speakers for not complying to full nominal agreement. In general, data suggest that variable patterns of nominal agreement are likely to emerge as a defining property of ETP, as is currently the case in other NNV of Portuguese, thus diverging from European Portuguese (EP).

Imposition of Civilization by Depriving Livelihood and Vanishing Ethnicity of Tribal’s people

IJOHMN ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
V. Padmanaban
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
White American ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Research Article ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Policy ◽  
Wounded Knee

This research article exerts the origin, turmoil, anguish and lamentation of the Dakotas and Sioux nations and to retrieve their lands and to preserve their ethnicity and the demises of their predecessors at Wounded Knee massacre and superseded unwritten literature and history of Dakotas and massacre in at the start of fourteenth century and devastation of livelihood of the indigenous people and the cruelty of American Federal government still lingers in their mind. Treaty conserved indigenous people’s lands but Dakotas had been forced off their homelands due to the anti-Indian legislation, poverty and federal Indian – white American policy. The whites had no more regard for or perceiving the native peoples’ culture and political status as considered by Jefferson’s epoch. And this article exposes collecting bones and Indian words, delayed justices, inter- state issues and ignorance, racism and  imperialism and the struggles of the Dakotas, whose future filled with uncertainty by reality and lose of  land and cattle over the recent past centuries.

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