Confronting the Foreigner: Common Policies of Rashid al-Din and Liu Bingzhong on Mongol Rule in Iran and China

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
ATRI HATEF-NAIEMI
Keyword(s):  
Early Stages ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Common Policies ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Mongol Rule

Abstract This article discusses the career of three historical figures who had a position of authority in the courts of the Ilkhans and the Great Khans of the Mongol Empire in China: Rashid al-Din Tabib (d. 1318), the Persian statesman and historian; Liu Bingzhong (d. 1274), Qubilai Khan's (r. 1260-94) Chinese counsellor; and Bolad Aqa (d. 1313), the famed Mongol tribesman. This study raises the question of whether Rashid al-Din's policies, when he was in office as the vizier of Ghazan Khan (r. 1295-1304), were modelled in some respects on the approach of the Chinese nobles—Liu in particular—to the Mongols during the early stages of the Mongol rule over China. In addition, taking into account Bolad's noticeable presence in the courts of the Mongols in Ilkhanid Iran and Yuan China, it seeks to shed light on his role as an intermediary and a possible conduit for Chinese political thoughts to reach Rashid al-Din.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Conversion To Islam ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Damaging Effects ◽  
Mongol Rule

This conclusion summarises the book's main findings about the Mongols' conquest of the Islamic world and their eventual conversion to Islam. It first considers the damaging effects of the Mongol invasions on Islamic lands and their people before discussing the weaknesses of the Mongol empire, partly due to the absence of fixed rules for succession. It then examines the Mongol overlordship of many sedentary regions both in the Ilkhanid territories and in Central Asia under client Muslim princes, the fragmentation of the Mongol empire that hastened the development of its constituent parts along divergent lines, and the Islamization of Mongol rulers. It also describes the Mongols' efforts to rehabilitate their conquered territories and the positive results of Mongol rule in the eastern Islamic lands.

scholarly journals Prince Manggala – The Forgotten Prince of Anxi

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1169-1188
Author(s):  
Vered Shurany
Keyword(s):  
Northwest China ◽  
Yuan Dynasty ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Southern Song ◽  
Military Commander ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
Crown Prince ◽  
The Yuan Dynasty ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Different Parts

Abstract Manggala (忙哥剌 d. 1278）was the third son of Qubilai Qa’an (r. 1260–1294) and his chief wife, Chabi Qatun (察必 d. 1281). Although he was not the crown prince he ruled over a large and strategic territory between the frontiers of the Southern Song before it was fully conquered, and the northwestern frontier, where some of the Mongol princes still challenged Qubilai’s legitimacy as the Great Khan. In spite of this, Prince Manggala does not have a biography in the Yuanshi, and is mainly remembered as the father of Prince Ananda, Qubilai’s grandson, famous for embracing Islam. However, juxtaposing sources from different parts of the Mongol empire to compile Prince Manggala’s biography shows that he appears to have been a governor and capable military commander, who established his own princely administrative system, Wangxiangfu (王相府), showed interest in both Islam and Buddhism and addressed the various peoples and religions in his heterogeneous domain differently, thereby enhancing his legitimation. Manggala’s annotated biography can expand our knowledge of the role and status of princes in the Yuan dynasty (元代 1271–1368), as well as shed light on both administration and cross-cultural contacts in northwest China during the early Yuan era.

Bukhara under the Mongols

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hope
Keyword(s):  
Political Capital ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
New Period ◽  
Religious Scholarship ◽  
Important Center ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
The City ◽  
Mongol Rule

In Muharram ah 617/March 1220 ce Chinggis Khan led his armies to Bukhara as part of a larger campaign against the Khwārazmshāh Empire (616–621/1220–1225). The city quickly surrendered and was rapidly integrated into the growing Mongol Empire. In the subsequent decades, Bukhara enjoyed a speedy recovery under the stewardship of a series of Mongol officials, who patronized religious institutions, repaired the damage caused by the invasion, and mitigated some of the excesses of the Mongol armies stationed in Transoxania. Yet this revival was stunted in the second half of the 13th century when the Mongol Empire was divided by war. During this period different factions contested control of Transoxania, and Bukhara became the target of periodic raids and attacks. A full rehabilitation of the city had to wait until after 716/1317–1318, when alliances between the Mongol military elites and the popular religious leaders of Bukhara facilitated a new period of stability that would last until the fall of the last effective khan, Qazān Sultan, in 746/1346. Bukhara’s status as an intellectual, economic, and political capital of Transoxania was diminished during the period of Mongol rule. Samarqand was designated as the administrative capital of Transoxania for much of this period, and the presence of Mongol forces in Nakhshab saw Bukhara subordinated to the itinerate court of the Chaghadaid-Mongol princes. Nevertheless, the city continued to be seen as an important center of religious scholarship, and its prestige was boosted by the fact that it served as the base for two of the leading Sufi movements of its time, the Kubrawiyya and the Naqshbandiyya.

scholarly journals STELES AND STATUS: EVIDENCE FOR THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW ELITE IN YUAN NORTH CHINA

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyasu Iiyama
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
North China ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Descent Line ◽  
Official Status ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Patronage System ◽  
Mongol Rule

AbstractDrawing on stele inscriptions in a Yuan-period ancestral graveyard, this article aims to shed light on the emergence and evolution of a Chinese office-holding family in North China under Mongol rule (thirteenth- to fourteenth century). Tracing the family's connections with Mongols, it argues that adaptation to the Mongolian patronage system was essential to obtaining and maintaining political status during the Yuan, and that the kin group was stratified with the patronized descent line monopolizing political privilege. In doing so, the article highlights the value of stone inscriptions in clarifying official status, patronage, and inheritance rights in North China during the Yuan period.

scholarly journals Om kyrkjebygging og kristning i Rogaland i tidleg mellomalder

AmS-Varia ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 21-44
Author(s):  
Angunn Skeiseid
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
Church Building ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
Church Law ◽  
Shed Light

This article researches six church sites founded in Rogaland during the early stages of Christianisation in Norway in the High Middle Ages. The areas selected for investigation are the coastal skipreider (administrative units) Time and Klepp incentral Jæren, and Jelsa and Suldal in non-coastal Ryfylke. The sites have been assessed in relation to their surroundings, to shed light on the issues of actor, time and choice of location. The investigation revealed two types of church site: siteswith proprietary churches erected by a local magnate or middle-ranking landowner, and churches built by the villagers as a collaborative enterprise, in accordance with provisions in the section on church law in Gulatingslova (the Gulating Law) –called Kristenretten (Christian Law). The location of church sites relative to older pagan cult sites was assessed, to ascertain to what extent the location of a particular church represented continuity or change. The issue of monumentality appears to have been central in determining the location of proprietary churches, while accessibility seems to have been a consideration that influenced the location of churches built collaboratively by members of the community.It is suggested that Kristenretten was instrumental in spreading Christianity in Norway, in that the provisions on church building and related regulations encouraged the building of churches by a class of middle-ranking landowners. 

Gold nanoparticles as tracking devices to shed light on the role of caveolin-1 in early stages of melanoma metastasis

Nanomedicine ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1447-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simón Guerrero ◽  
Victor Manuel Díaz-García ◽  
Pamela Contreras-Orellana ◽  
Pablo Lara ◽  
Sujey Palma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Melanoma Metastasis ◽  
Caveolin 1 ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Tracking Devices ◽  
Shed Light

scholarly journals Notices descriptive of the Localities of certain sculptured stone monuments in Forfarshire &c. (Part I)

1858 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 187-201
Author(s):  
Andrew Jervise
Keyword(s):  
Stone Monuments ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shed Light

This article aims to shed light on some of the sculpted stone monuments of Perth, Kincardine and Angus. Taking each monument in turn, the author discusses the design of the monuments and gives a brief overview of the history of the area in which they were uncovered. Several of the monuments were discovered on or near burial sites and for some of these sites the author relates local legends about historical figures who might have been buried there.   Meeting notes for March 10, 1856 are appended.

scholarly journals Molecular Level Understanding of the Free Energy Landscape in Early Stages of MOF Nucleation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loukas Kollias ◽  
David C. Cantu ◽  
Marcus A. Tubbs ◽  
Roger Rousseau ◽  
Vassiliki-Alexandra Glezakou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Salt Bridges ◽  
Enhanced Sampling ◽  
Material Synthesis ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Assembly Mechanism ◽  
Secondary Building Units ◽  
Molecular Dynamics Methods ◽  
Shed Light

<div><div><div><p>The assembly mechanism of hierarchical materials controlled by the choice of solvent and presence of spectator ions. In this paper, we use enhanced sampling molecular dynamics methods to investigate these effects on the configurational landscape of metal-linker interactions in the early stages of synthesis, using MIL-101(Cr) as a prototypical example. Microsecond-long well- tempered metadynamics (WTmetaD) simulations uncover a complex free energy structural landscape, with distinct crystal (C) and non-crystal (NC) like configurations and their equilibrium population. In presence of ions (Na+, F-), we observe a complex effect on the crystallinity of secondary building units (SBUs), by encouraging/suppressing salt bridges between C configurations and consequently controlling the percentage of defects. Solvent effects are assessed by introducing N, N dimethylformamide (DMF) instead of water, where SBU adducts are appreciably more stable and compact. These results shed light on how solvent and ionic strength impact the free energy of assembly phenomena that ultimately control material synthesis</p></div></div></div>

Do parents lead their children by the hand?

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
ŞEYDA ÖZÇALIŞKAN ◽  
SUSAN GOLDIN-MEADOW
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
American Child ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Development Change ◽  
Cognitive Transition ◽  
Gestural Input ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Child Caregiver

The types of gesture+speech combinations children produce during the early stages of language development change over time. This change, in turn, predicts the onset of two-word speech and thus might reflect a cognitive transition that the child is undergoing. An alternative, however, is that the change merely reflects changes in the types of gesture+speech combinations that their caregivers produce. To explore this possibility, we videotaped 40 American child–caregiver dyads in their homes for 90 minutes when the children were 1;2, 1;6, and 1;10. Each gesture was classified according to type (deictic, conventional, representational) and the relation it held to speech (reinforcing, disambiguating, supplementary). Children and their caregivers produced the same types of gestures and in approximately the same distribution. However, the children differed from their caregivers in the way they used gesture in relation to speech. Over time, children produced many more REINFORCING (bike+point at bike), DISAMBIGUATING (that one+point at bike), and SUPPLEMENTARY combinations (ride+point at bike). In contrast, the frequency and distribution of caregivers' gesture+speech combinations remained constant over time. Thus, the changing relation between gesture and speech observed in the children cannot be traced back to the gestural input the children receive. Rather, it appears to reflect changes in the children's own skills, illustrating once again gesture's ability to shed light on developing cognitive and linguistic processes.

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