Detecting Sex-Associated Variation With the Families of MZ and DZ Twins

1984 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.S. Haley
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Sex Linkage ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Twin Design ◽  
Detection And Estimation ◽  
Sex Limitation ◽  
Extended Twin Design

AbstractPhenotypic variation in human population may contain contributions from a number of different sex-associated genetic influences. These influences include maternal effects, the effects of sex-linked loci, and the effects of sex-limited autosomally linked loci. The families produced by MZ and DZ twins provide statistics which permit the detection and estimation of these effects. In particular, they provide statistics derived from various types of age-matched half-sibs and cousins in addition to those derived from the more usually studied full-sib or parent-offspring relationships. Specific models for genetic maternal effects, sex-linkage and sex-limitation are used to explore the use of extended twin design for the detection of and the discrimination between various sex-associated effects. The sample sizes required to detect maternal effects and sex-linkage were considered for some simple cases and it is concluded that comparison derived from the progeny of twins will often provide better tests for these effects than those derived from parent-offspring comparison.

scholarly journals Heritability of Daytime Ambulatory Blood Pressure in an Extended Twin Design

Hypertension ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Kupper ◽  
Gonneke Willemsen ◽  
Harriëtte Riese ◽  
Daniëlle Posthuma ◽  
Dorret I. Boomsma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Ambulatory Blood Pressure ◽  
Twin Design ◽  
Extended Twin Design

scholarly journals Matrilineal inheritance of a key mediator of prenatal maternal effects

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1838) ◽  
pp. 20161676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Tschirren ◽  
Ann-Kathrin Ziegler ◽  
Joel L. Pick ◽  
Monika Okuliarová ◽  
Michal Zeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Sex Linkage ◽  
Maternal Line ◽  
Sexually Antagonistic Selection ◽  
Paternal Grandmother ◽  
Female Specific ◽  
Yolk Testosterone ◽  
Matrilineal Inheritance

Sex-linkage is predicted to evolve in response to sex-specific or sexually antagonistic selection. In line with this prediction, most sex-linked genes are associated with reproduction in the respective sex. In addition to traits directly involved in fertility and fecundity, mediators of maternal effects may be predisposed to evolve sex-linkage, because they indirectly affect female fitness through their effect on offspring phenotype. Here, we test for sex-linked inheritance of a key mediator of prenatal maternal effects in oviparous species, the transfer of maternally derived testosterone to the eggs. Consistent with maternal inheritance, we found that in Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica ) granddaughters resemble their maternal (but not their paternal) grandmother in yolk testosterone deposition. This pattern of resemblance was not due to non-genetic priming effects of testosterone exposure during prenatal development, as an experimental manipulation of yolk testosterone levels did not affect the females' testosterone transfer to their own eggs later in life. Instead, W chromosome and/or mitochondrial variation may underlie the observed matrilineal inheritance pattern. Ultimately, the inheritance of mediators of maternal effects along the maternal line will allow for a fast and direct response to female-specific selection, thereby affecting the dynamics of evolutionary processes mediated by maternal effects.

Heritability of Verbal and Performance Intelligence in a Pediatric Longitudinal Sample

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge L.C. van Soelen ◽  
Rachel M. Brouwer ◽  
Marieke van Leeuwen ◽  
René S. Kahn ◽  
Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Twin Design ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Extended Twin Design ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Longitudinal Twin Study

The longitudinal stability of IQ is well-documented as is its increasing heritability with age. In a longitudinal twin study, we addressed the question to what extent heritability and stability differ for full scale (FSIQ), verbal (VIQ), and performance IQ (PIQ) in childhood (age 9–11 years), and early adolescence (age 12–14 years). Genetic and environmental influences and correlations over time were evaluated in an extended twin design, including Dutch twins and their siblings. Intelligence was measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children — Third version (WISC III). Heritability in childhood was 34% for FSIQ, 37% for VIQ, and 64% for PIQ, and increased up to 65%, 51%, and 72% in early adolescence. The influence of common environment decreased between childhood and early adolescence from explaining 43% of the phenotypic variance for FSIQ to 18% and from 42% for VIQ to 26%. For PIQ common environmental influences did not play a role, either in childhood or in early adolescence. The stability in FSIQ and VIQ across the 3-year interval (rp) was .72 for both measures and was explained by genetic and common environmental correlations across time (FSIQ, rg= .96, rc= 1.0; VIQ, rg=.78, rc= 1.0). Stability of PIQ (rp=.56) was lower and was explained by genetic influences (rg= .90). These results confirm the robust findings of increased heritability of general cognitive abilities during the transition from childhood to adolescence. Interestingly, results for PIQ differ from those for FSIQ and VIQ, in that no significant contribution of environment shared by siblings from the same family was detected.

scholarly journals Increasing Phenotypic and Genetic variations in Hyperactivity/Inattention Problems from Age 3 to 13 Years: A Cross-Sectional Twin Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 545-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon-Mi Hur
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Twin Design ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Strengths And Difficulties

A twin design was used to examine the developmental nature of genetic, environmental, and phenotypic variations in hyperactivity and inattention problems (HIP). Mothers of 662 complete pairs of twins (273 monozygotic [MZ] pairs and 389 dizygotic [DZ] pairs) aged from 3 to 13 years (mean [SD] age = 8.3 [2.9] years) responded to the items of the HIP scale of the Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire via a telephone interview. Maximum likelihood MZ and DZ twin correlations in the total sample were 0.47 (95% CI: 0.37–0.55) and −0.01 (95% CI: −0.11–0.09). A standard univariate model incorporating age as a modifier was applied to the raw data. Results of model-fitting analyses showed that the phenotypic variation of HIP monotonically increased from age 3 to age 12 and that this increase was completely due to an increase in genetic variance, suggesting that it is genes that expand individual difference in ADHD symptoms with age during childhood. Child-specific environmental variance was constant during this age period. In terms of relative influences, total genetic factors increased from 33% (95% CI: 27–44%) at age 3 to 51% (95% CI: 28–71%) at age 13 and this increase was accompanied by a decrease in relative influences of child-specific environmental factors from 67% (95% CI: 56–73%) at age 3 to 49% (95% CI: 29–72%) at age 13. These estimates of genetic influences were somewhat lower than those found in most twin studies of ADHD symptoms. However, the increasing trend of genetic influences with age during childhood was consistent with the results of a recent meta-analysis of ADHD symptoms.

scholarly journals X- and Y-chromosome linked paternal effects on a life-history trait

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urban Friberg ◽  
Andrew D. Stewart ◽  
William R. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life History ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Paternal Effects ◽  
Epigenetic Effects ◽  
Males And Females

Males and females usually invest asymmetrically in offspring. In species lacking parental care, females influence offspring in many ways, while males only contribute genetic material via their sperm. For this reason, maternal effects have long been considered an important source of phenotypic variation, while paternal effects have been presumed to be absent or negligible. The recent surge of studies showing trans-generational epigenetic effects questions this assumption, and indicates that paternal effects may be far more important than previously appreciated. Here, we test for sex-linked paternal effects in Drosophila melanogaster on a life-history trait, and find substantial support for both X- and Y-linked effects.

scholarly journals Differences among families in craniofacial shape at early life-stages of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Victoria Beck ◽  
Katja Räsänen ◽  
Camille A. Leblanc ◽  
Skúli Skúlason ◽  
Zophonías O. Jónsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Salvelinus Alpinus ◽  
Arctic Charr ◽  
Craniofacial Development ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages

Abstract Background Organismal fitness can be determined at early life-stages, but phenotypic variation at these early life-stages has rarely been considered in studies on evolutionary diversification. The trophic apparatus has been shown to contribute to sympatric resource-mediated divergence in several taxa. However, processes underlying this diversification are poorly understood. Using a phenotypically variable morph of Icelandic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), we reared offspring from multiple families under standardized laboratory conditions and tested to what extent family (i.e. direct genetic and maternal effects) contributes to offspring morphology at hatching (H) and first feeding (FF). To understand the underlying mechanisms behind early life-stage variation in morphology, we examined how craniofacial shape varied according to family, egg size, offspring size and individual candidate genes related to craniofacial development. Finally, we assessed whether craniofacial shape and expression of genes related to craniofacial development covaried. Results We found effects of family for offspring craniofacial shape at both H and FF, whilst relative expression levels of Sgk1 (a gene involved in craniofacial shape divergence) correlated with craniofacial shape at FF. However, there were no evidence to suggest that mean egg size or individual offspring size influenced offspring morphology. Conclusions This study provides evidence for within population family effects for phenotypic variation in trophic morphology, indicating the potential for genetic and/or maternal effects to facilitate resource polymorphism.

scholarly journals Genetic influences on brain activation and large-scale functional connectivity during nociceptive processing: a twin study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Granit Kastrati ◽  
Jorgen Rosen ◽  
William Hedley Thompson ◽  
Xu Chen ◽  
Henrik Larsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Twin Design ◽  
Midcingulate Cortex ◽  
Genes And Environment ◽  
Nociceptive Processing ◽  
Genetic Contributions

Nociceptive processing in the human brain is a signal that enables harm avoidance, with large interindividual variance. The relative contributions of genes and environment to the neural structures that support nociception have not been studied in twins previously. Here, we employed a classic twin-design to determine brain structures influenced by additive genetics. We found genetic influences on nociceptive processing in the midcingulate cortex, bilateral posterior insulae and thalamus. In addition to brain activations, we found genetic contributions to large-scale functional connectivity during nociceptive processing. We conclude that additive genetics influence specific aspects of nociceptive processing, which improves our understanding of human nociceptive processing.

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