A note on the effect of number and genotype of kids on milk yield and composition of indigenous Greek goats (Capra prisca)

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Zygoyiannis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Indigenous Breed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Indigenous Goats ◽  
Protein F

Four groups of 10 indigenous goats, suckling indigenous or crossbred, single or twin kids, were used to study the effect of sucking stimulus on milk yield and composition during a 12-week suckling period and over the first 20 weeks of the subsequent milking period. During the suckling period, goats with twins produced more milk (F < 0·001) than those with singles. There was no effect of kid genotype in goats rearing twins but single crossbreds took 1·11 times more milk than indigenous. Goats with single kids had higher concentrations of fat (F < 0·001), protein (F < 0·05) and lactose (F < 0·05) in milk than did those with twins. Growth rate of kids was related to differences in milk intake, with singles higher than twins (F < 0·001) and crossbred singles higher than indigenous singles (F < 0·05). It is concluded that the indigenous breed can respond to the increased sucking demand of twins but not sufficiently to meet their needs. During the milking period the mean yield was reduced to about one-third and was not dependent on the corresponding yield in the suckling period. There were minor differences of milk composition associated with number or genotype of kids suckled.

scholarly journals Growth rate and behaviour in separated, partially separated or non-separated kids and the corresponding milk production of their mothers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Madeleine Högberg ◽  
Louise Winblad von Walter ◽  
Eva Hydbring-Sandberg ◽  
Björn Forkman ◽  
Kristina Dahlborn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Similar Growth ◽  
Hard Cheese

Abstract We address the hypothesis that keeping kids and mothers together would have positive effects on the milk composition of the mother and the behaviour of the kids. Kids were either permanently separated (SEP), daily separated between 7.30 and 15 h (DAY-SEP) or kept with mothers 24 h/d (NON-SEP). The NON-SEP kids were only allowed to suckle one teat. All kids had similar growth rate throughout the study (lactation days 5–70). DAY-SEP kids spent 24% of their time with their mother at both ages. NON-SEP spent only 15% of the time with their mothers at 2 weeks of age and this increased to 28% at 2 months of age. NON-SEP kids showed more hiding behaviour at 2 weeks and SEP were more active alone, at both 2 weeks and 2 months, compared to the other treatments. The mean available milk yield and fat concentration were higher in DAY-SEP goats (2420 g ± 119 g and 4.9 ± 0.1%) compared with NON-SEP goats (2149 ± 79 g and 4.4 ± 0.1%). There were no differences between DAY-SEP and NON-SEP goats in total protein, lactose, or casein concentrations. Based on these data it was estimated that 7.1 kg milk was needed to produce 1 kg semi-hard cheese in DAY-SEP goats and 7.5 kg in NON-SEP goats, respectively. When comparing milk yield and composition between udder halves, the milk yield was, as expected, higher from the machine milked teat than from the suckled one in the NON-SEP goats but there was no difference between right and left udder halves in DAY-SEP goats. Milk fat concentration varied between teats at morning and afternoon milkings in NON-SEP goats, but there was no difference in milk fat between udder-halves in DAY-SEP goats. In conclusion, the kid growth rate was similar in all treatments, however, an altered behaviour was seen in permanently separated kids (SEP). The results show that it is possible to have a high milk yield and fat concentration with one kid together with the dam.

Effects of bacterial inoculation of unwilted and wilted grass silages. 2. Intake, performance and eating behaviour by dairy cattle

1998 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. PATTERSON ◽  
T. YAN ◽  
F. J. GORDON ◽  
D. J. KILPATRICK
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Period Change ◽  
Eating Rate ◽  
Bacterial Inoculation ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Soyabean Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance

Four grass silages, namely unwilted and wilted silages each with and without bacterial inoculation, were prepared on each of eight harvesting occasions during the 1994 growing season (Yan et al. 1998). The four silages, made at each harvest, were offered ad libitum to 48 lactating dairy cows in a 2 (control v. additive)×2 (unwilted v. wilted)×8 (harvest (period)) change-over design experiment with 3-week experimental periods. The animals also received 6·9 kg dry matter (DM) of a concentrate supplement daily during the first period and then the allowance of the supplement was reduced by 0·43 kg DM at the start of each subsequent period. The supplement was based on barley, molasses and soyabean meal. The data presented are the mean results obtained across the eight harvests.No significant interactions were found between inoculation and wilting for silage intake, performance and silage eating behaviour. Inoculation significantly increased milk yield (2·4%, P<0·05) and lactose output in milk (2·3%, P<0·05) across the unwilted and wilted silages. These increases following inoculation in general arose equally from both the unwilted and wilted silages. However, inoculation of either the unwilted or wilted silages had no significant effects on silage DM intake, milk composition, or silage eating behaviour. Wilting significantly increased silage DM intake (20·1%, P<0·001), milk yield (2·8%, P<0·05) and the concentrations (P<0·001) and yields (P<0·01) of both fat and protein across the untreated and inoculant-treated silages. The increases following wilting derived equally from both the untreated and inoculant-treated silages. Wilting also significantly influenced silage eating behaviour with a significant decrease following wilting in number of meals per day (6·5%, P<0·05) and an increase in eating rate (kg DM per eating hour) (29·7%, P<0·001) across the untreated and inoculant-treated silages. These results indicate that inoculation of the unwilted and wilted silages produced similar increases in milk production. Large positive responses in silage DM intake and performance were recorded following wilting with both the untreated and inoculant-treated silages.

scholarly journals Effects of suckling on milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows in cow–calf contact systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (S1) ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
Kerstin Barth
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Short Time

AbstractIn this research communication I show the effect of various cow–calf contact systems on milk yield and milk composition during the periods when calves where allowed to suckle their dams and after the calves were separated in comparison to cows that were only machine milked throughout their lactation. Analyses were based on four different experiments, but conducted at the same research station and under comparable housing and feeding conditions. Nursing dams had contact to their calves during the whole day, during night-time or only twice per day shortly before milking. A control group of cows that had no contact to their offspring was part of every experiment. Data of the regular monthly milk recordings were analysed with linear mixed models. Results showed a significant effect of the suckling system on the machine milk yield over the whole lactation. While cows with night-time contact reached the milk production level of the control cows, cows with whole day or short-time contact still produced less milk after the calves were separated. Fat content was always lower during the suckling period but not afterwards. The significantly higher milk protein content in dams with calf contact requires further investigation. Somatic cell count in milk of nursing dams was slightly increased, probably due to the exposure of the teats to frequent suckling in addition to machine milkings. In conclusion, cow–calf contact systems influence the performance of cows during and after the suckling period but to varying degrees depending on the system adopted.

Effects of sow, udder section and time on colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations and piglet colostrum intake

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 159-159
Author(s):  
G. Jones ◽  
S.A. Edwards ◽  
S. Jagger ◽  
S. Hoste
Keyword(s):  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Weekly Basis ◽  
Daily Group ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sow Nutrition ◽  
Better Than

Relationships between sow nutrition, milk yield, milk composition and piglet performance during lactation have been studied in numerous experiments. However, the subsequent effects of these pre-weaning factors on post-weaning piglet performance are less well studied. Commonly a growth check in piglets in response to weaning is noted, but to date it is unknown why some piglets do better than others in this period. The present experiment explored some of the pre-weaning factors that could explain the variability in piglet post-weaning growth.The performance of piglets from 41 litters was monitored during a lactation period of 26 days. Litter size was standardised to 10 piglets, which were not offered creep food. Piglets were weighed individually on a weekly basis from farrowing to weaning at 26 days. Daily litter milk intake was estimated by a weigh-suckle-weigh technique in 24 litters on 4 occasions at 5 day intervals across lactation. On the day after each of these days, the composition of milk was determined from milk samples obtained by hand milking following oxytocin injection. Litter milk intake and composition of milk were used to calculate the mean daily piglet nutrient intakes during lactation. After weaning some piglets were sacrificed for the analysis of body composition and 310 piglets out of the 41 litters were penned in litter groups in controlled environment flat decks for two weeks to monitor daily group feed intakes and weekly individual growth rates.

scholarly journals Effect of body weight of goats and lactation order on the growth rate of kids in the suckling period

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 1193-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zujovic ◽  
N. Memisi ◽  
V. Bogdanovic ◽  
Z. Tomic ◽  
N. Maksimovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Positive Sign ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Final Body Weight

The paper presents results of investigation of milk yield by lactation, by order, and mother's body weight on growth rate of kids of the domestic Balkan goat. Daily weight gains of 376 single kids (168 male and 208 female), in three monthly intervals, and their final body weight at 90 days of age were established. Variability of analyzed traits was presented using descriptive statistics parameters, and differences of growth traits for weight gain of kids resulting from the effect of milk yield of female goats by order of lactation were investigated by single analysis of variance. The effect of independent variables, mothers' milk yield and body weight, on body weight of kids was tested using multiple regression analysis. During the entire suckling period, established average values for kids body weight differed significantly (P<0.001), increasing from the 1st toward later lactations. At 90 days of age the lowest values were established in kids from the youngest mothers (11.86 kg), while for kids of mothers in the fourth or later lactations these values were higher (13.93 kg). Coefficients of determination indicate that the variability percentage for individual growth traits of kids was in the 0.08 - 0.17 interval, indicating its significance. Both "b" coefficients (b1 and b2) are positive and statistically highly significant, except for coefficient b2 in the analysis of body weight of kids at birth. The positive sign and high statistical significance indicate a pronounced effect of mother's milk yield and body weight on the body weight of kids up to 90 days of age.

Comparative studies of sheep and goats: milk yield and composition and growth rate of lambs and kids

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Economides
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Chios Sheep ◽  
Milk Feeding

SummaryTwo trials were carried out to compare the milk yield, milk composition and the rate of growth of naturally or artificially reared kids and lambs of Damascus goats and Chios sheep.Milk yield until weaning was similar in sheep and goats, but goats produced significantly more milk after weaning. Sheep milk was higher in total solids, fat, protein, lactose, ash and calorific value.Lambs and kids grew similarly during the ad libitum milk feeding period but lambs grew faster during the restricted milk feeding period. Solid feed intake of lambs until weaning was higher than that of kids and the results indicated that the rumen develops later in kids than in lambs. During the post-weaning period lambs consumed more feed, grew faster and utilized feed more efficiently than kids. Lambs were more sensitive to high copper supply than kids.

scholarly journals The effect of spring shearing on milk yield and milk composition in Tsigai ewes

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-249
Author(s):  
Y. Aleksiev
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Daily Output ◽  
Lactose Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Partitioning ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Milk

Milk yield and milk composition responses to shearing were assessed in Tsigai ewes kept indoors. Sheep was offered 700g/head daily concentrate and chopped hay administered ad libitum and was milked twice daily - at 08:00 and at 18:00 h. Average for the two weeks post-shearing, daily milk yield dropped by 7.2 % due to the 8.2 and 2.2 %, respectively, reduction in the morning and in the afternoon milk yields. Fat and protein concentrations in the morning and in the afternoon milk on day 1, day 7 and day 14 after shearing surpassed vastly pre-shearing values whilst milk lactose concentration showed a trend towards postshearing reduction. On the three sampling post-shearing days daily output of different milk constituents exceeded the corresponding mean pre-shearing values by 16.2, 11.6 and 9.1 % in milk fat, 1.6, 3.5 and 6.2 % in milk protein, and 4.1, 7.2 and 2.2 % in total solids. The increase in daily output of milk constituents occurred despite the decline in daily milk yield. Lactose daily output, on the contrary, dropped by 6.9, 7.7 and 9.3 % relative to the mean pre- shearing value. Postshearing adaptive adjustments including changes in nutrient partitioning appear to underlie the alterations in milk yield and milk composition. It may be concluded that post-shearing changes in milk composition makes for the improvement of milk processing characteristics.

scholarly journals Milk production and milk composition of the Boutsko bred of ewes in Epirus

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
S. G. FOLINAS (Γ. Σ. ΦΩΛΙΝΑΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Single Male ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Dry Matter Concentration ◽  
Group A

 A flock of 244 hill sheep of the indigenous Boutsko breed of Epirus (NW of Greece), 1-6 years old, reared under a transhumance system was used to study their milk productivity for a period of 14 months (March - June of next year). In addition three groups of ewes, aged 3 to 4 years (group A with 10 ewes suckling a single male lamb, group Βwith 10 ewes suckling a single female lamb and group C with 10 ewes suckling twin lambs) were kept under the same conditions of nutrition and management with the rest of the above flock. They were studied for a 26-week lactation period (4-week suckling period. 22-week milking period) to assess the effect of sex and number of lambs suckled on milk yield, milk composition and body reserves. The results of the study have been summarized as follows: 1) Lactation period (suckling period=4 weeks, milking period=32 weeks) was very long (36 weeks). Throughout milking period milk production of the ewes was 93.7 Kg. Of this 82.3% was produced during the winter period and 17.7% during the summer period. Persistency of milk production was low. One month after weaning of lambs the milk yield of ewes was reduced by 49% and 44% of the level at weaning for singlesuckled and twin-suckled ewes, respectively. 2) Throughout lactation, milk yield and milk composition were not affected by sex of lambs suckled. However, milk yield of ewes was affected by the number of suckled lambs; twin-suckled ewes produced more milk during the suckling period ( + 15.7%, Ρ < 0.05) and milking period (+21.8%, Ρ < 0.05) than those of single-suckled ewes. Fat, protein and dry matter concentration of milk was lower (P<0.05) in twin-suckled ewes than in single-suckled ewes. Concentration of all milk constituents was affected by stage of lactation (P<0.05).

Effects of sow, udder section and time on colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations and piglet colostrum intake

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 159-159
Author(s):  
G. Jones ◽  
S.A. Edwards ◽  
S. Jagger ◽  
S. Hoste
Keyword(s):  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Weekly Basis ◽  
Daily Group ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sow Nutrition ◽  
Better Than

Relationships between sow nutrition, milk yield, milk composition and piglet performance during lactation have been studied in numerous experiments. However, the subsequent effects of these pre-weaning factors on post-weaning piglet performance are less well studied. Commonly a growth check in piglets in response to weaning is noted, but to date it is unknown why some piglets do better than others in this period. The present experiment explored some of the pre-weaning factors that could explain the variability in piglet post-weaning growth.The performance of piglets from 41 litters was monitored during a lactation period of 26 days. Litter size was standardised to 10 piglets, which were not offered creep food. Piglets were weighed individually on a weekly basis from farrowing to weaning at 26 days. Daily litter milk intake was estimated by a weigh-suckle-weigh technique in 24 litters on 4 occasions at 5 day intervals across lactation. On the day after each of these days, the composition of milk was determined from milk samples obtained by hand milking following oxytocin injection. Litter milk intake and composition of milk were used to calculate the mean daily piglet nutrient intakes during lactation. After weaning some piglets were sacrificed for the analysis of body composition and 310 piglets out of the 41 litters were penned in litter groups in controlled environment flat decks for two weeks to monitor daily group feed intakes and weekly individual growth rates.

Shortened dry period in dairy Buffaloes: Influence on milk yield, milk components and reproductive performance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Nagarjuna Reddy ◽  
Ch Venkata Seshiah ◽  
K Sudhakar ◽  
D Srinivasa Kumar ◽  
P. Ravi Kanth Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Yield Change ◽  
Murrah Buffaloes ◽  
Service Period ◽  
The Mean

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of the duration of the dry period (DP) on milk yield, milk composition, and reproductive performance of Murrah buffaloes in the subsequent lactation. High yielding Murrah buffaloes (n=48) were assigned to either shortened (30 to 45 d (n=16); and 45 to 60 d (n=16)) or traditional (>60 days (n=16)) dry period lengths. The buffaloes were fed individually according to the production status. The buffaloes in >60, 45 and 30 d dry period groups had similar (P>0.05) milk yield, 6% Fat corrected milk (FCM), milk fat, and total solids; however, the former groups had an increased (P less then 0.05) 6% FCM yield change, and SNF percentage of milk. The mean service period (days) was least (P less then0.05) with the higher number of services required for conception in buffaloes allocated to traditional dry period length compared to those assigned to shortened dry periods. Further, 6% FCM had a negative correlation with Serum Glucose (SG) values at 30 d postpartum, followed by a significant positive (P less then 0.01) correlation at 60 or 90 d postpartum. It is concluded that extended DP of more than 60 days is not advantageous and would be a costly affair for the farmers in both productive and reproductive backdrop.

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