SELECTION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF FERMENTATION OF HIGH-CONCENTRATION WORT WITH OSMOPHILIC YEAST RACES FOR OBTAINING BIOETHANOL

Bioethanol production is a key issue that helps meet the growing demand for energy resources and ensure a sustainable economy. A promising direction is producing bioethanol by using the technology of fermentation of high-concentration wort obtained from the dry matter of grain raw materials. The purpose of this work is researching osmophilic races of distiller’s yeast under the conditions of fermentation of high-concentration wort at increased acidity. Selective breeding of a new strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-16 has allowed obtaining ethanol producers able to ferment grain wort with the dry matter concentration 24–34% at pH 6.0–3.0, with alcohol accumulation in the fermented wash up to 17% vol. It has been studied how the pH of wort affects the dynamics of yeast cell synthesis by the distiller’s yeast races Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-11 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-16. It has been established that at the pH values 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0, the concentration of yeast cells in the race Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-16 was higher by 2.6, 1.7, 1.5, and 1.4 times respectively, as compared with Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-11. It has been found that culturing industrial yeast of these races at low pH values ​​will provide not only the required sterility of the substrate, but also a high content of yeast cells, which is 250–320 million/cm³. The chemical and technological parameters of the fermented wash obtained by using the yeast races Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-11 and DO-16 at the wort concentration 20–34% DM have been studied. It has been found that under all research conditions, the yeast of the race Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-16 synthesised more ethanol than the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-11 did. The use of a new high-productive strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DO-16 will allow fermenting wort with a high ethanol concentration in the wash. It will also reduce the consumption of heat expended on isolating alcohol from the wash and of water expended on cooling, and lessen the amount of post-alcohol stillage.

Sowing methods of maise for hay in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia

The authors showed the results of studies of productivity parameters of different early maturing maise hybrids depending on the method of sowing. Experiment included 5 variants: single- seeded hybrids Kubansky 101 and Kubansky 500, Kubansky 101 + Kubansky 500 (50 + 50% of the full seeding rate), Kubansky 101 + Kubansky 500 (25 + 75%) and Kubansky 101 + Kubansky 500 (75 + 25%). The authors carried out a biological yield survey on 10 September. This recording showed that the ultra-early-ripening hybrid Kubansky 101 CB was in the phase of milk-wax maturity of the grain, and the late-ripening Kubansky 500 CB was in the phase of cob formation. In single-species crops, the yields were naturally higher. The late-maturing hybrid yielded 82.0 t/ha, 38.1 t/ha higher than the ultra-maturing hybrid. However, the dry matter yield of the second hybrid was 15.9 % higher, and the cob yield was 29 % higher. The dry matter concentration of the hybrid Kubansky 500 was only 18.8 %. The hybrid Kubansky 101 CB had a dry matter concentration of 34.7 %. Different variations with the ratio of hybrids of different ripeness groups in the sowing showed that in green matter yield, the variants where the proportion of late-ripening hybrid is higher are superior. Thus, the presence of 75% hybrid Kubansky 500 CB allowed obtaining the highest yield of 77.2 t/ha. This yield is almost two times higher than the yield of the single-variety ultra-ripening hybrid (43.9 t/ha). However, the dry matter concentration here was 20.2 %. According to the biochemical analysis of the silage batches harvested, all the forages were benign. No oily acid was detected, and lactic acid predominated over acetic acid. Hay prepared from hybrid Kubansky 101 SV was 33.8% in dry matter content, which compares favourably with silage prepared from hybrid Kubansky 500 SV and mixtures with Kubansky 101 SV. The hybrid Kubansky 500 SV and mixtures with Kubansky 101 SV accounted for 21 % dry matter content. In silage prepared from hybrid Kubansky 101 SV, the percentage of dry matter is 24.2-25 %.

ETUDES OF THE USA FODDER AND DIETS QUALITY EVALUATION SYSTEM IN RUSSIA

This article is a narrative about application of the USA fodder quality testing system in Russia. Merits and demerits of the American system of an assessment of hay quality are considered. The Leningrad interregional veterinary laboratory (IVL) adapted principles of this system and has extended to all kinds of bulky feeds. It is recommended to check IVL model experimentally, to discuss and to consider on ТК 130 "Fodder production" as the project of GOST Р "Forages. A method of energy value definition". In the second case, on an example of the assessment sheet sent by the American testing laboratory, the ration of feeding a dairy cow at JSC "Dmitrovskie dairy farms", created according to the American model, is considered: assortment, quantity and quality of forages; the actual and demanded content of nutrients in a ration; relative parameters and ratios of nutrients; ration cost indexes. For comparison of standards of National research council (NRC) of the USA on consumption of dry matter, concentration of rumen degradable and nondegradable protein are compared with norms All-Russian Research Animal Husbandry Institute. Discrepancy of calculated parameters testifies to necessity of their experimental corroboration.

INFLUENCE OF DRY CONCENTRATION OF DRY SUBSTANCES ON FEATURES OF OSMOPHILIC ALCOHOLIC RACES OF YEAST

The main factors influencing the cultivation environment on the growth and development of different races of alcoholic yeast have been studied. The following races were selected for studies of the influence of wort dry matter concentration on morpho-physiological features of alcoholic yeast yeast cells: S. cerevisiae ДО–16, ДО–11, K-81, XII. The novelty of the work lies in the study of the influence of the concentration of dry matter of the wort on the morpho-physiological features of alcoholic yeast, screening of alcoholic races for fermentation of highly concentrated wort. The morphology of cells of alcoholic races of the yeast S. cerevisiae, which are cultured on starch-containing medium, has been insufficiently studied. It was found that the cells of the alcoholic yeast race S. cerevisiaeДО-16 and ДО-11 had smaller cell sizes in comparison with the thermotolerant and mesophilic races S. cerevisiae K-81 and XII at a concentration of DM wort of 28%. However, the number of yeast cells in S. cerevisiae ДО-16 and ДО-11 races is higher. During the fermentation of highly concentrated wort, these indicators characterize the increase in the working surface of the yeast in the fermented medium, which allows to intensify the fermentation process. Studies have been conducted on the effect of dry matter concentration on the size and shape of giant colonies of alcoholic races of yeast. Culture samples were taken in the stationary phase of growth. Studies of giant colonies of alcoholic breeds of yeast cultured on wort at a concentration of 28% DM indicate that the race of S. cerevisiae ДО-16, in comparison with other races, is able to withstand high concentrations of wort. After all, the size and shape of the giant colonies of this race indicate that the yeast cells were in a satisfactory physiological condition. According to morpho-physiological characteristics, alcoholic yeast of race S. cerevisiae ДО–16, ДО–11, K–81, XII with thermotolerant and osmophilic properties for fermentation of highly concentrated wort was screened Based on theoretical and experimental studies, it was found that the selected race of yeast S. cerevisiae ДО-16 on morpho-physiological characteristics has advantages over races ДО-11, K-81, XII for fermentation of high concentrations of wort. Thus, for fermentation of highly concentrated wort from grain raw materials, a highly productive race of alcoholic yeast with increased osmophilicity - S. cerevisiae ДО –16 was selected.

Effects of Blanching and Drying Process on Total Flavonoid Content and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of Green Asparagus Spray-Dried Powder

In this study, the effects of blanching and spray drying processes on total flavonoid contents and DPPH radical antioxidant properties of green asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) spray-dried powder were investigated. Experiments were designed using one-factor-at-a-time in the blanching process and a three-level factorial with two factors, including drying temperature and the dry matter concentration in spray drying. The results showed that suitable blanching conditions were at a temperature of 85C in 4 minutes and chosen drying conditions were at a temperature of 160C and 10% dry matter concentration using maltodextrin as a carrier. Total flavonoid contents and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of asparagus spray-dried powder were 26.97 mg RE/g and 53.64 µmol TE/g, respectively.

Processing of fermented fruit juice from acerola (Malpighia glabra L.)

Fruit cider has high nutrition and often preserved cold after processing. The aroma and flavour characteristics of the original material enhance the sensory of the cider. This study was carried on the acerola juice which has the dry matter concentration of 18oBx, pH 4.0. The fermentation was induced with the yeast content of 0.20% for 3 days at room temperature. As a result, the obtained product had the dry matter concentration, the alcohol content, the vitamin C content and pH of 7.2 ± 0.8oBx, 1.4% v/v, 581.2 mg% and 3.1, respectively.

Harvest Season and Genotype Affect Head Quality and Shelf-Life of Ready-to-Use Broccoli

Pre-harvest climatic conditions and genotype may have important effects on head quality and post-harvest performance of fresh-cut broccoli. The present work evaluates the effect of the growing cycle (summer–autumn (SA), winter (W), winter–spring (WS), and spring (S)) and genotype on qualitative (dry matter, concentration of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and color) and antioxidative (ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, total phenol concentrations, and antioxidant capacity) traits of broccoli heads and minimally processed florets. The WS raw product showed the best color indices (L* = 38.6, C* = 9.3 and h° = 123.8) as well as the highest chlorophyll (0.23 µg mg−1 fresh weight) but the lowest total phenol concentration (5.5 µg mg−1 dry weight - DW), whereas the ascorbic acid level (2.3 µg mg−1 DW) was comparable to or lower than that the other growing cycles. The WS florets confirmed their best visual quality, even showing an improved total phenol level after 14 days of cold storage. The climatic conditions experienced by broccoli plants grown in SA, W, and S periods were stressful as they resulted in a slight reduction in the visual quality of the heads, though only the SA florets showed a distinctive decay during storage. The lower post-harvest performance of SA grown broccoli was confirmed in all the tested cultivars, despite ‘Naxos’ seeming more tolerant. On the contrary, the greatest content of ascorbic acid (3.2 µg mg−1 DW) in the W heads and of phenols (11.1 µg mg−1 DW) in S heads was maintained during storage, thus preserving floret color.

Influence of Plum Rootstock on Flowering Intensity Depending on Concentration of Dry Matter and Reducing Sugars in Annual Shoots

The issue of the influence of rootstock on winter-hardiness of plum (Prunus × rossica Erem.) tree flower buds in the Baltic region is becoming important. The choice of rootstock is the main precondition for obtaining a high yielding and sustainable plum orchard. Freezing of flower buds is one of the most significant damages in winter for stone fruits. The aim of the investigation was to determine the relationship between concentration of dry matter and reducing sugars in annual shoots during winter and wintering ability of trees. The dynamics of reducing sugar concentration in one-year-old shoots during winter was investigated during two successive seasons in two locations. Orchards were planted in 2001 in Latvia and in Estonia. The well-known plum cultivar ‘Kubanskaya Kometa’ (Prunus rossica Erem.) was grafted on eight clonal rootstocks (‘St. Julien A’, ‘Brompton’, ‘Ackermann’, ‘Pixy’, GF8/1, G5/22, GF655/2, and ‘Hamyra’) and eight generative propagated rootstocks (‘St. Julien INRA 2’, ‘St. Julien d’Orleans’, ‘St. Julien Noir’, ‘Brompton’, ‘Wangenheims Zwetsche’, ‘St. Julien Wädenswill’, ‘Myrobalan’ and Prunus cerasifera var. divaricate). Shoot samples were harvested two times during winter — at the end of January and at the end of March. Dry matter concentration (mg·g−1) and the concentration of reducing sugars (mg·g−1 DM) by Fehling’s solution method was determined. Tree flowering intensity was scored using a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 = no flowers and 5 = abundant flowering. Dry matter concentration in plum shoots varied among rootstocks, years and growing location. In Pūre, Latvia, the largest differences in dry matter concentration were found for trees grafted on ‘St. Julien INRA2’ (in 2011–2012) and ‘Brompton’ cuttings (in 2012–2013) but in Polli, Estonia for trees grafted on G5/22 (in 2011–2012) and ‘Myrobalan’ (in 2012–2013). One of the most stable rootstock/graft combinations in the trial when GF655/2 was used as rootstock, where dry matter concentration was between 491 and 525 mg·g−1, and reducing sugars between 37.5–49.2 mg·g−1, and flowering intensity between 2.5 and 4.