service period
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Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Bonachera Martin ◽  
Robert J. Connor

Over the past decade, there has been considerable interest in the development of quantitative analytical procedures to determine if a primary steel tension member (PSTM) is a fracture critical member (FCM). Traditionally, this designation has most often been arbitrarily determined based simply on the bridge geometry, for example, the number of girders in the cross section, rather than an evaluation of the bridge in the faulted state. Clearly, such a redundancy evaluation must address the loading scenarios concurrent with failure of the PSTM, the likelihood of the member failure, the acceptable probability of load exceeding resistance in the faulted state, and the application of vehicular live load models. This research was conducted to develop a load model and load combinations that are specific to evaluating the performance of a bridge in the event a steel member was to fracture. Specifically, two load combinations were developed to evaluate the strength of a steel bridge, one for the event in which the failure of a PSTM occurs, and another for a post-failure service period. The development adhered to the reliability-based principles and procedures applied in the calculation of load combinations currently used in bridge engineering to facilitate direct implementation and to ensure consistency with current steel bridge design and evaluation procedures contained in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.


2022 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 01026
Author(s):  
Natal`ya Garskaya ◽  
Lidiya Peretyatko ◽  
Sergey Pozyabin ◽  
Sergey Tresnitskiy ◽  
Anatoliy Tresnitskiy

The article deals with the issues of the influence of heat stress that occurs in the summer on the indicators characterizing the reproductive qualities. Purebred sows of tested Poltava meat breed of different genotypes were investigated: Group I - individuals-offspring obtained by the method of introductory crossing using the blood of early maturing meat breed (blood content 12.5 %), Group II - individuals obtained by the method of introductory crossing using the blood of the Finnish Landrace (blood content of 12.5 %). It was found that in sows of the Poltava meat breed with the blood of early maturing meat breed, the number of live piglets at birth significantly exceeds the indices of sows with the blood of the Finnish Landrace by 8.27 % at p≤0.05. According to the analysis of Cv, these natural and technological conditions had the greatest influence on the duration of the service period in sows of Group I. Wherein, the least influence of these natural and technological conditions was found for the indicator of the duration of pregnancy. Animals with the blood of an early maturing meat breed were more adaptable to these natural and technological conditions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-616
Author(s):  
J. Sai Prasanna ◽  
◽  
S. T. Viroji Rao ◽  
M. Gnana Prakash ◽  
Suresh Rathod ◽  
...  

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a type of molecular chaperones that aid in the recovery of stressed cells and serve as a major system for intracellular self-defense. A study was conducted during the year 2018–19 at College of Veterinary Science Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telengana State, India to find polymorphisms in exon 8 of the bovine HSP90AA1 gene in Sahiwal (n=50) and crossbred (n=50) cows. Blood samples were collected from the experimental animals and genomic DNA was isolated. Physiological parameters like body temperature and respiration rate for each animal were taken during the experimental period and the heat tolerance coefficient was calculated. The data on production and reproduction traits were obtained from the history sheets of the animals. To detect the polymorphism, a 539 bp fragment of the HSP90AA1 gene covering exon 8 was subjected to the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) technique.The PCR-SSCP of exon 8 of HSP90AA1 gene yielded two genotypic patterns AA and AB corresponding to two allelic variants with frequencies of 0.85, 0.15, 0.81 and 0.19 in Sahiwal and crossbred cows, respectively. The PCR-SSCP patterns obtained were correlated with the physiological, productive, and reproductive traits in both Sahiwal and crossbred cows. The association analysis of SSCP patterns of the exon 8 of HSP90AA1 gene revealed non-significant effect in Sahiwal cows, although the AB genotype had a significantly longer service period in crossbred cows.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 247-255
Author(s):  
Changho Sun ◽  
Ickhyun Kim

Rubber bearings are widely used for seismic retrofit of bridges because they reduce the seismic force by making the vibration period of the bridge longer and distributing the seismic force to all the piers. However, they have the disadvantage of being easily aged compared to steel bearings as well as having variations in the shear stiffness. The shear characteristic changes in the blended rubber for the rubber bearings were analyzed, specifically, the aging accelerated by heat. The higher the aging temperature and longer the exposure time, the greater is the maximum stress and strain at that time, and the greater is the shear stiffness. This implies that the seismic performance gradually deteriorates due to aging as the service period becomes longer. This can provide the basis for the mechanical model of the aging bearing.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Susi Hartanto

Through a 3-year community service scheme (6 periods), 4 periods have been conducted. There are 3 stakeholders in this program: study program, community research partner, and brand partner. Along the process, community service partner has understood and be able to collaborate using digital method to produce clothing collections for brand partner. But although the stitching quality is well, cost prices are mostly found too high, not suitable for brand partner’s retail prices. Through this community service period, the aims are: 1) to train cost sheet making for each sku made; 2) to provide knowledge of target retail price and its calculations; 3) to provide knowledge on many components of clothing costs, including margin fees on multiple fashion platforms in Indonesia. This period is the last step of training and focus more on production and business mindsets before letting community service partner to go independent in the last period.


Author(s):  
Evgeniy Kharitonov

The trials were performed on 20 multiparous cows of Holstein breed (39.7 ± 0.75 kg of milk) at the end of the first phase of lactation this different milk fat (4.1-2.8%). The aim of the research was to study the characteristics of nutrition, metabolism and biosynthesis of milk components in highly productive dairy cows with normal and low milk fat levels and the timing of their productive use. Study the characteristics of fermentation of scar formation substrates and their use in energy metabolism and biosynthesis of the milk components. Found that low fat milk is not associated with a lack of formation of acetate in the rumen (6.1 vs. 6.6 mmol/dl in the contents of the rumen, р>0.05) and the non change in the hormonal profile, but depends on the reduction of fatty acids synthesis de novo in mammary gland, regulated by conjugated higher fatty acids. The result is a reduction in the need of cows in the exchange energy (reduction of heat transfer by 6.2 MJ), a shorter service period (109.5 vs.139 days) and the prolongation of their productive use (the number of lactations correlated back with the level of fat in milk (r=-0.68, p<0.05, n=1300).


2021 ◽  
Vol 935 (1) ◽  
pp. 012041
Author(s):  
V G Semenov ◽  
E P Simurzina ◽  
S G Kondruchina ◽  
V G Tyurin ◽  
A F Kuznetsov ◽  
...  

Abstract The article describes the results of comparative studies on the influence of new immunostimulants on the course of postnatal recovery of the cows under conditions of intensive milk production technology. Injections of PS-2 (group 1) and Prevention-N-E (group 2) at a dose of 10 ml forty, twenty and ten days before calving, and a injection of PDE at a dose of 20 ml with E-Selenium of 10 ml (group 3) twenty days before calving prevent the occurrence of obstetric and gynecological pathology, improve reproductive qualities, as compared to the control group, where no biologicals were injected. This fact impacts the acceleration of the first heat onset by 13.7-21.1 days, the conception rate by 0.5-0.7 times, the service period by 16-29.9 days. A positive effect of the tested agents on metabolic processes, morphological and biochemical blood parameters, nonspecific immunological reactivity of the organism was also established. All these factors led to an increase in milk productivity for 305 days of lactation by 186-478 kg, at the same time, milk quality indicators improved correspondingly. Thus, biological preparations PS-2 and Prevention-N-E are highly effective means of preventing obstetric and gynecological pathology.


Author(s):  
A. Bolgov ◽  
S. Shterkel ◽  
N. Grishina

The purpose of the study is to study the relationship between the rates of dairy productivity and reproduction of cows in the highly productive Ayrshire herds of the Republic of Karelia.Materials and methods. The work was performed on the basis of the four Stud of the Airshire rock at the "Megrega" trivial, "Ilyinskoe", Mayak LLC, Agrocomplex OJSC. V. M. Zaitseva "(Republic of Karelia). Data on dairy productivity and reproductive ability are collected and processed in 24,720 cows. Materials of zootechnical accounting and bonitations for 2004-2020 were used. At the end of the observation period, the productivity of the Stud was 7500-8500 kg of milk.From indicators of the productivity of cows, the amount of fishing, fat products for full lactation and 305 days of lactation, from the reproduction indicators - the duration of the service period, a dry period, an interstitial period (MOP), the age of the first calf, the age of cows during the selection, the causes of the selection are taken.The main biometric constants (X ̅, ϭ, CV) were calculated, the grouping method was used to characterize the signs of signs calculated the correlation coefficients.Results. The relationship between milk productivity and reproduction was studied in 4 Ayrshire herds of 24,720 cows with an average productivity of 7500-8500 kg of milk. A high positive relationship of milk yield and milk fat production with the duration of the service period (SP) was established, the correlation coefficient was up to 0.929 (P<0.001), which is consistent with the data of other researchers of this problem. It is shown that in herds with a milk yield of 8500-9000 kg of milk, the SP duration of 135-140 days is justified. It was noted that the decrease in the age of the first calving of cows led to an increase in the milk yield of the entire herd (r =-0.676; -0.686; P<0.05).A relatively short period of use of cows in herds was recorded – 3.5-3.7 lactations, while the milk yield of cows aged six lactations and older significantly exceeded the average milk yield for the herd. This leads to a positive correlation of the period of use of cows (r =0.935; P<0.001) and the proportion of cows with six lactation and older (r =0.788; P<0.05) with the milk yield of the herd. Cows with six lactations and older can stay in the herd, provided that their performance exceeds the average level of the herd. The influence of milk yield on the length of the service period and the MOP is manifested not only within one lactation, but also in adjacent lactation. It was found that with an increase in milk yield from less than 6000 kg of milk to 9500-10000 kg or more in the previous lactation, the duration of SP in the subsequent lactation increased from 112 to 170 days, MOP – from 391 to 436 (correlation coefficients from 0.138 (P<0.01) to 0.870 (P<0.001).Conclusion. The results obtained indicate the need to develop operating conditions for cows that provide a combination of high and record milk yield with normal reproductive abilities. In particular, to ensure maximum optimization of feeding conditions, maintenance, breeding and veterinary services, and control of animal health.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
SARAH VERONICA HUTABALIAN ◽  
I NYOMAN WIDANA ◽  
LUH PUTU IDA HARINI

Employees can be referred to as company assets because they play an important role in the progress and decline of a company. So the company can protect the welfare of employees when their age can no longer be productive, one of which is to include employees in pension fund insurance. This study aims to calculate and compare the normal contributions that participants must pay using the methods Projected Unit Credit and Aggregate Cost. The calculation of normal contributions using the method Projected Unit Credit uses the present value of the pension benefits divided by the length of service. The Method Aggregate Cost uses the present value of the pension benefits minus the accumulated funds and divided by the term annuity. The result of this research is that the normal contribution amount using the method Projected Unit Credit is lower in the payments in the first years than using the method Aggregate Cost. The Method contribution Projected Unit Credit increases significantly as the length of service period and the method Aggregate Cost increases slowly but increases sharply as the retirement age approaches.


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