Clarence Bicknell: archaeology and science in the 19th century

Antiquity ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 58 (224) ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Chippindale
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Regional Research ◽  
Maritime Alps ◽  
Intrinsic Interest ◽  
New Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Bronze Age

The Italian resort of Bordighera, on the Riviera close by the French border, still has a little to show from the time, a century ago, when its British population-at least in the winter ‘invalid season’- ran to more than 3,000 and outnumbered the native Italians. The Hotel T. Windsor (‘T’ stands for tennis; the Bordighera tennis club, founded by the British, is the oldest in Italy) flourishes; prim municipal notices-‘A polite behaviour will be enjoyable for everybody’ and ‘Free bathing, clean holidays’-assert Edwardian proprieties. And tucked away in a side-street among the villas, its pink-washed facade frothing with wisteria, stands the Museo Bicknell, built in 1886 by an English amateur botanist, Clarence Bicknell. His foundation continues as the regional research institute, the Istituto lnternazionale di Studi Liguri. Clarence Bicknell (1842-1918) appears in none of the histories of archaeology, but his work deserves to be remembered. His study of the bronze age rockengravings of Mont BCgo, in the Maritime Alps above Bordighera, was the first adequate work on an Alpine rock-art tradition, and the forerunner of the astonishing discoveries over the last 30 years in Valcamonica (Anati, 1961; 1980), at Sion (Gallay, 1972) and now in the Aosta valley (Daniel, 1983). Bicknell's life and work, beyond its intrinsic interest, is an illuminating case-study in the history of the discipline, during that crucial late 19thcentury period when antiquarianism was everywhere giving way to the new science-based archaeology. Finally, Bicknell-though not in the major league with Buckland or Petrie-in his quiet way deserves a place in the gallery of archaeological characters.

Greek Prehistory Through the Bronze Age

Classics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan Burke
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
History Of Archaeology ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
History Of ◽  
Epic Poems ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Of Greece

The history of archaeology of Greece as we know it today begins with prehistoric investigations that took place in the 19th century. Early excavations by Heinrich Schliemann, Arthur Evans, and Wilhelm Dörpfeld, along with Greek colleagues like Christos Tsountas, Panagiotis Stamatakis, Valerios Stais, and Antonios Keramopoulos laid the foundation for systematic, stratigraphic excavations. Research was heavily directed by ancient Greek texts, primarily the epic poems of Homer. Efforts to find archaeological truth to the legendary tales of the ancient heroes continue to be problematic, but, to a degree, early excavations revealed a rich and fascinating period of Greece’s development. Although the archaeological discoveries of Greek prehistory date to an age centuries older than Homer, the discoveries shed light on a vast, rich archaeological history, one upon which the Homeric tales were, at least partially, based. Early discoveries of prehistoric texts, especially on Crete with scripts in Hieroglyphic Minoan, Linear A (non-Greek), and Linear B (Greek), along with the enigmatic Phaistos disc, have expanded our understanding of the history of the Greek language and Greek people.

scholarly journals Past distribution of Ursus arctos in Bulgaria: fossil and subfossil records (Carnivora: Ursidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Zlatozar Boev
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Brown Bear ◽  
Scattered Data ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Mountain Regions ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Bronze Age

The paper summarizes numerous scattered data from the last 120 years on the former distribution of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Bulgaria. Data from 52 (13 fossil and 39 subfossil) sites (from the Middle Pleistocene to the 19th century AD) are presented. The brown bear former distribution was much wider than the present occurrence. The species range covered the whole territory of the country, including mountain regions, as well as vast lowland and plain landscapes. The geographical, altitudinal and chronological distribution are presented and analyzed. The record from the Kozarnika Cave (1.000,000–700,000 years BP) is one of the earliest records of this species in Europe. About 73% of the localities are situated between 100 and 500 m a. s. l. Twelve sites contain Paleolithic finds, one Mesolithic, 14 Neolithic, six Chalcolithic, five from the Bronze Age, and two from the Iron Age. The remaining 12 subrecent sites are dated to the last ca. 2,400 years. Most of the species findings came from archeological sites – prehistoric and ancient settlements. The distribution of Ursus arctos once covered the entire territory of the country, including the vast regions such as Ludogorie, Dobruja, the Danube Lowland, the Upper Thracian Lowland, as well as the Sakar, Strandja, Sredna Gora, and the Predbalkan Mts.

scholarly journals Patterns in the history of the commentation on the so-called ḥadīth Ibn Masʿūd

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 137-162
Author(s):  
Thomas Eich
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diachronic Analysis ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Clear Line

This paper analyzes the so-called Ibn Masʿūd ḥadīth (see below) on two levels: the specific wording of the ḥadīth on the one hand and a significant portion of the commentation written about it since the 10th century until today on the other. This aims at three things. First, I will show how the ḥadīth’s exact wording still developed after the stabilization of the material in collections. Although this development occurred only on the level of single words, it can be shown that it is a reflection of discussions documented in the commentaries. Therefore, these specific examples show that there was not always a clear line separating between ḥadīth text and commentaries on that text. Second, the diachronic analysis of the commentaries will provide material for a nuanced assessment in how far major icons of commentation such as Nawawī and Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī significantly influenced following generations in composing their respective commentaries. Third, I will argue that in the specific case study provided here significant changes in the commentation can be witnessed since the second half of the 19th century which are caused by the spread of basic common medical knowledge in that period.

scholarly journals The Manufacture of Leather as an Applied Art in the Modernisme: the Factory-Workshop of Miguel Fargas y Vilaseca

Res Mobilis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13-2) ◽  
pp. 204-222
Author(s):  
José Ignacio Carrillo Martínez
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Decorative Arts ◽  
Interior Decoration ◽  
Interesting Part ◽  
Applied Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This study intends to examine leather craft, an applied art that has not well studied in the context of Catalan Modernisme as well as raise awareness about its use for production and design of Modernista furniture and interior decoration. This handicraft, that had been in decline in the Catalan sphere since the 18th century, reappeared in Barcelona in the last quarter of the 19th century, due to the Modernista movement and the renaissance of medieval crafts. Thus, new workshops were created and their processes were modernized according to industrial progress. We will highlight the Miguel Fargas and Vilaseca Factory, which will manage to industrialize this handricraft, becoming one of the few internationally known manufacturers. We will try to illustrate the history of this office by analyzing this case study, since it reveals an interesting part of the panorama of decorative arts in Modernista Barcelona.

Wincenty Lutosławski (1863–1954): Philosophe, helléniste ou fondateur sous-estimé de la stylométrie?

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 423-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Pawłowski ◽  
Artur Pacewicz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
New Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Stylometry is a branch of linguistics concerned with the quantitative description of stylistic proprieties of texts. In certain cases, it allows one to solve problems of authorship of disputed texts and to discover the probable chronology of works by a given author. An historical overview of stylometry demonstrates that there was no single scholar whose work could be considered decisive in its development. At the same time, perusal of studies devoted to the history of stylometry shows that their authors treat the available material selectively, preferring some scholars while wholly disregarding others. Wincenty Lutosławski (1863–1954) is a good example of a scholar forgotten (or underestimated) by contemporary researchers. However, it was he who coined the term ‘stylometry’ already at the end of the 19th century and defined the principles of this ‘new science’. This paper presents and discusses the following issues : the importance of chronology in the interpretation of Platonic philosophy, the definition and objectives of stylo­metry, the most important platonic chronologies, a description and evaluation of Lutosławski’s contribution to the development of stylometric methodology, and the origins of stylometry. Finally, we shall try to (re)determine Lutosławski’s position in the history of the language sciences.

scholarly journals Kääntäjien kirjeenvaihto, suomentamisen normit ja kieli-ideologiat 1800-luvun lopun Suomessa

Virittäjä ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taru Nordlund
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unique Style ◽  
Professional Writers ◽  
The 19Th Century

Artikkeli käsittelee suomentamiseen liittyviä ideologioita ja normeja 1800-luvun tietokirjallisuudessa. Tapaustutkimuksena on Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiön tietokirjojen suomennostoiminta 1800-luvun lopulla. Tutkimus kytkeytyy kääntämisen sosiologiaan ja historiaan, ja siinä arvioidaan myös, miten ja missä määrin historiallisia käännösprosesseja voidaan rekonstruoida. Käännösprosesseja lähestytään tarkastelemalla eri toimijoiden − kustantaja, kääntäjä, kieliasiantuntija, tekstin arvioija − osuutta käännösprosessissa. Tutkimuksen aineistona on kustantajan ja kääntäjän kääntämistä ja kielellisiä valintoja käsittelevä kirjeenvaihto, jonka avulla on mahdollista valottaa eri suunnista kääntäjän arkea, yhteisöllisiä arvoja ja normeja käännösvalintojen taustalla sekä niitä henkilökohtaisia asenteita, jotka ohjaavat kääntäjiä erilaisiin valintoihin. Analyysin tuloksena voi päätellä, että ammattikirjoittajina kääntäjät olivat hyvin tietoisia erilaisista kielellisistä ja kääntämiseen liittyvistä normeista. Käytännön työssä kääntäjät toimivat kuitenkin usein erilaisten normien ristipaineessa, jolloin vastakkain asettuivat esimerkiksi alkuteoksen luonteen säilyttäminen ja toisaalta sen kotouttaminen. Kääntäjät olivat myös tietoisia kielen vaihtelevista normeista, tunsivat käynnissä olevat kielikeskustelut ja mukauttivat herkästi kielenkäyttöään kulloinkin vallitsevien kirjakielen normien mukaiseksi.   Norms and ideologies of translation in light of correspondence between publisher and translator in 19th-century Finland This article analyses the ideologies and norms that guided the translation of works of non-fiction in 19th-century Finland. As a case study the article analyses the processes involved in the publication of non-fiction at the Werner Söderström Ltd publishing house at the end of the 19th century. The research takes as its base theories examining the sociology and history of translation. It also aims to evaluate how and to what extent historical translation processes can be reconstructed. Translation is approached as a collaborative process involving various actors: publisher, translator, language editor, and expert reader. The data consists of correspondence between publisher and translator that deals with matters of translation or language. This correspondence sheds light on the everyday life of the translator and the socially accepted norms and ideologies that guide the translation process. It also reveals the stance of publishers concerning the choice of translator, a factor that can lead to very different end products. The analysis shows that, as professional writers, translators at the end of the 19th century were well aware of contemporary translational norms. In practice, translators were caught between various conflicting pressures – regarding, for instance, questions such as whether one should follow the original text as close as possible to preserve its unique style or assimilate the text to a Finnish context to help the reader. The data also shows that translators were well aware of linguistic norms; they were acquainted with current and past debates, and in assimilating their use of language they remained sensitive to prevailing norms.

19th Century Poland in Six Maps: A Reconnaissance

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Piotrowski
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Longue Duree ◽  
Longue Durée ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City ◽  
Insight Into

The presentation of six maps – cases that provide an insight into the history of Poland in the 19th century, and its cartography. Five of them are maps from that era: from one of the earlier urban plans for the city of Lodz to maps of Polish lands, "Atlas Królestwa Polskiego" [The Atlas of Polish Kingdom] by Juliusz Colberg, emigrant "Karta dawnej Polski" [Card of Former Poland] by Wojciech Chrzanowski, depicting the territory of Poland from 1772, Lindley's plans of Warsaw), to "Polski atlas kongresowy" [Polsih Congress Atlas] by Eugeniusz Romer, summing up the cartographic works during the Versaille conference. The last case study deals with the longue durée of the Polish 19th century and its image on contemporary thematic cartograms.

scholarly journals Compatibility, adaptability and use of different types of ground floor houses in 19th century town planning: Case study Subotica

Spatium ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Viktorija Aladzic
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Ground Floor ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Architecture ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town

A lack of knowledge of the history of architecture and town planning in the 19th century resulted in underrated regard towards this historic period and consequently in a devastation of urban and architectural heritage of the 19th century. This research was intended to clarify some segments of the history of architecture and town planning in the 19th century based on the example of Subotica. Research has shown that the basic types of ground floor houses built during the 19th century in Subotica were mutually compatible and that by a simple addition of rooms on the simple base house, more complex base houses could be built. In the same way rural houses could also be transformed into urban ones. This pattern allowed for utmost rationality of the construction of individual houses as well as of the whole town. The town, due to the application of compatible house plans, reflected a semblance of order which improved year on year, because every house at any given moment represented a finished structure. Simple attachment of building parts also allowed the houses that were located in the middle of the lot to be elongated to the street regulation line. Compatible house plans, as an auxiliary means, facilitated the application of building rules, the realization of regulation plans and provided continuous development of the town of Subotica in the period of over 150 years.

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