William Bateson and the chromosome theory of heredity: a reappraisal

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN R. RUSHTON
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Developmental Genetics ◽  
Chromosome Theory ◽  
William Bateson ◽  
General Tone

AbstractWilliam Bateson vigorously objected to the assumptions within the chromosome theory of heredity proposed by T. H. Morgan because he perceived inadequate experimental data that could substantiate the theory. Those objections were largely resolved by 1921, and Bateson reluctantly accepted the basic assumption that chromosomes carried the genetic factors from one generation to the next. Bateson's own research at that time on developmental genetics seemed out of touch with the general tone of the genetics field, and the chromosome theory did not provide illuminating mechanisms that elucidated phenomena such as plant variegations or chimeras. Bateson imagined a general theory of heredity and development based on vortices and waves, concepts he borrowed from contemporary physics. For decades he sought to devise an intellectually and aesthetically satisfying theory to eventually explain evolution in genetic terms, but his aspirations remained unfulfilled when he died in 1926.

Introductory remarks

1970 ◽  
Vol 176 (1044) ◽  
pp. 249-250
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Enzyme Action ◽  
Chromosome Theory ◽  
William Bateson ◽  
Present Understanding ◽  
Looking Back

Ever since genetics began, biologists have been interested in the mode of action of Mendelian factors in determining the differences of phenotype from which the existence of those factors was deduced. Quite early on, advances that later proved central were made. These however tended to be forgotten, for the main stream of genetics moved along another path, the exploration of the modes of inheritance of the genes themselves, a path which led to the development of the chromosome theory and all that followed from it. Looking back we can see that both approaches have been essential to our present understanding of the nature of genes, though some of the early geneticists felt, as the following quotation will show, that ‘What are the genes?’ was a question whose answer was not made any clearer by knowledge of what they do : ‘We must not lose sight of the fact that though the factors operate by the production of enzymes, of bodies on which these enzymes can act, and of intermediary substances necessary to complete the enzyme-action, yet these bodies themselves can scarcely be themselves genetic factors, but consequences of their existence. What then are the factors themselves? Whence do they come? How do they become integral parts of the organisms' I wonder how many here would give as early a date as 1913 to that quote which is from William Bateson?

Effect of finite boundaries on the Stokes resistance of an arbitrary particle

1962 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Spherical Particle ◽  
Principal Axis ◽  
Wall Effect ◽  
Wall Proximity

A general theory is put forward for the effect of wall proximity on the Stokes resistance of an arbitrary particle. The theory is developed completely for the case where the motion of the particle is parallel to a principal axis of resistance. In this case, the wall-effect correction can be calculated entirely from a knowledge of the force experienced by the particle in anunboundedfluid, providing (i) that the wall correction is already known for a spherical particle and (ii) that the particle is small in comparison to its distance from the boundary. Experimental data are cited which confirm the theory. The theory is extended to the wall effect on a particlerotatingnear a boundary.

scholarly journals III . Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution.—XII. On a generalised Theory of alternative Inheritance, with special reference to Mendel's laws

1904 ◽  
Vol 203 (359-371) ◽  
pp. 53-86 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Original Theory ◽  
Growing Mass ◽  
Mendel’S Laws

It seems likely to be of interest at the present time to consider rather at length a fairly full mathematical theory of the pure gamete. We do not venture to call this theory a generalised Mendelian theory of inheritance, partly because it is not even the most general theory of the pure gamete conceivable, partly because Mendel’s original theory of heredity was perfectly clear and perfectly simple, and is not the theory here developed. The pure and simple Mendelian theory seems to have been discarded in the light of recent experimental results by more than one Mendelian, both in this country and abroad. The original Mendelian theory has been replaced by what are termed “ Mendelian Principles.” In this aspect of investigation the fundamental principles propounded by Mendel are given up, and for each individual case a pure gamete formula of one kind or another is suggested as describing the facts, This formula is then emphasised, modified or discarded, according as it fits well, badly, or not at all with the growing mass of experimental data. It is quite clear that it is impossible while this process is going on to term anything whatever Mendelian as far as theory is concerned.

On the thermodynamics of crystalline lattices

1955 ◽  
Vol 233 (1194) ◽  
pp. 418-427 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Phase Space ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Thermodynamic Functions ◽  
Crystalline Lattice ◽  
Dynamical Matrix ◽  
Temperature Behaviour ◽  
Cubic Symmetry ◽  
Cubic Lattice

The thermodynamic functions for an ideal crystalline lattice satisfying the Born cyclic boundary conditions are formulated in terms of phase-space averages of functions of the trace of the dynamical matrix. An approximate method of evaluating these averages is suggested, which takes on an especially simple form in the case of lattices with cubic symmetry. The general theory is applied to the case of the monatomic face-centred cubic lattice and used to determine the five microscopic force constants occurring in the dynamical matrix for aluminium. These are computed from experimental data on the elastic constants and high-temperature behaviour of the specific heat and calorimetric entropy.

scholarly journals Experiments on the symmetry of length and time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Chunhong
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Piezoelectric Sensor ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Time Coordinate ◽  
Time Position

Abstract The F - t curve obtained from the process of applying and releasing force to the piezoelectric sensor shows that in the atomic scale, the time coordinate is equivalent to the position coordinate. The time-position coordinate relationship calculated by the experimental data is consistent with the geometric unit obtained in the general theory of relativity, thus the experiment verifies the symmetry of length and time,and connection between the microscopic - quantum mechanics and the macroscopic - general theory of relativity, and a new method for calculating the speed of light is obtained.

Near-perfect simultaneous measurement of a qubit register

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 465-482
Author(s):  
M. Acton ◽  
K.-A. Brickman ◽  
P.C. Haljan ◽  
P.J. Lee ◽  
L. Deslauriers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Quantum Computation ◽  
Fluorescence Detection ◽  
Simultaneous Measurement ◽  
Qubit State ◽  
Photon Detection ◽  
Charge Coupled Device ◽  
State Measurement ◽  
Intensified Charge Coupled Device

Simultaneous measurement of multiple qubits stored in hyperfine levels of trapped ^{111}Cd^+ ions is realized with an intensified charge-coupled device (CCD) imager. A general theory of fluorescence detection for hyperfine qubits is presented and applied to experimental data. The use of an imager for photon detection allows for multiple qubit state measurement with detection fidelities of greater than $98\%$. Improvements in readout speed and fidelity are discussed in the context of scalable quantum computation architectures.

scholarly journals Modeling the rheological properties of four commercially available composite core build-up materials

2020 ◽  
pp. 096739112095136
Author(s):  
Ivan Šarčev ◽  
Branislava Petronijević Šarčev ◽  
Veljko Krstonošić ◽  
Marko Janev ◽  
Teodor M Atanacković
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Fractional Derivative ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Memory Type ◽  
Derivatives Of

The aim of this study is to analyze viscoelastic properties of direct composite core (Lightcore, Build-it, Clearfil Photo Core, Rebilda). Experiments are preformed and mathematical models developed, based on derivatives of fractional order, to describe the viscoelastic properties of the studied materials. The basic assumption that materials are of memory type was proved to be correct. For each material, four fractional derivative models are used to fit experimental data and then one model, with smallest error between measured and calculated data for storage and loss modulus, is chosen. On the basis of mathematical model formulated here, it is possible to predict some viscoelastic properties of the materials that are important in clinical application. Central conclusion is that the four studied materials have different rheological properties although they are indicated for the same clinical procedure.

The speed of the slow component of ocular nystagmus induced by angular acceleration of the head: its experimental determination and application to the physical theory of the cupular mechanism

1953 ◽  
Vol 141 (903) ◽  
pp. 216-230 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Physical Theory ◽  
Slow Component ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Ocular Nystagmus ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
A New Technique

Angular accelerations around the vertical axis, of known magnitude and duration, have been applied in a number of normal human subjects by means of a rotating chair of new design. Theoretical and experimental evidence is advanced in support of Graybiel’s hypothesis that the oculo-gyral illusion is dependent upon vestibular eye nystagmus. A new technique is described for the quantitative evaluation of the oculo-gyral illusion occurring during the application of known angular accelerations. According to the theoretical and experimental data given, this technique makes it possible to obtain instantaneous measurements of the speed of the slow component of such vestibular eye nystagmus occurring at any point in the course of application of known angular accelerations and accordingly of the instantaneous magnitude of the corresponding cupular deflexion. By this means it has been possible to substantiate the general theory of the cupular mechanism outlined by Steinhausen and to re-evaluate and confirm the physical constants of the system assigned to it by Van Egmond and his co-workers.

Dynamic Analysis of a Cantilever-Mounted Gas-Lubricated Thrust Bearing

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Etsion ◽  
I. Green
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Equilibrium Position ◽  
Thrust Bearing ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Lubricating Film ◽  
Bearing Design ◽  
Stiffness And Damping ◽  
Theoretical Results

The dynamic stability of a cantilever-mounted gas-lubricated thrust bearing is analyzed using the step-jump approach. The solution is based on linearization of the equations of motion assuming small perturbation about an equilibrium position. Stiffness and damping of the lubricating film are expressed analytically in terms of Laguerre coefficients thus, enabling a parametric investigation of the bearing. The general theory is used to examine an actual bearing design. It is found that the theoretical results agree with existing experimental data, in that, both show that the bearing is unstable at the design point and becomes more stable as speed decreases.

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