Effects of host spectra on feeding behaviour and reproduction of soft ticks (Acari: Argasidae)

1978 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Galun ◽  
S. Sternberg ◽  
Christine Mango
Keyword(s):  
Tick Species ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Argas Persicus

AbstractArgas persicus (Oken) fed readily on avian hosts and consumed more blood and produced more eggs than on mammalian hosts. Ornithodoros tholozani (Lab. & Mégn.) fed equally well on chicken and various laboratory animals and converted the blood of all hosts into eggs at equal rates. O. moubata (Murr.) was intermediate, feeding more readily on chicken, rabbit and guineapig than on mouse, rat or hamster, and showing greater utilisation of blood of chicken and rabbit than of the other hosts. The relation of these phenomena to the natural host spectra of the 3 tick species is discussed.

Feeding behaviour and host preferences of British mosquitoes

1971 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Service
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Large Numbers

The arrival of mosquitoes at human bait under natural conditions could be divided into three behavioural phases, the exploratory, the penetration and feeding periods. The duration of these periods was recorded in Mansonia richiardii (Fie), Anopheles plumbeus Steph., Aedes punctor (Kby.), Ae. detritus (Hal.), Ae. cinereus Mg. and Ae. cantans (Mg.). Adults of M. richiardii took the longest (about 4 min) and those of Ae. cinereus the shortest (about 2 min) time to obtain a blood-meal. Penetration by the mosquitoes' mouthparts was felt in about 17% of the feeds, and irritation was caused by about 18% of the mosquitoes during feeding. The natural host preferences of these, and 11 other species, were determined by precipitin tests on blood engorged mosquitoes. Adults of Culex pipiens L., C. torrentium Mart, Culiseta morsitans (Theo.) and C. litorea (Shute) were essentially avian feeders; three adults of the latter two species had also fed on unidentified reptiles. Most adults of the other species had fed mainly on mammals. There were few multiple feeds. Although the ability of a mosquito to take a blood-meal quickly from a host was recognised as important, other phenomena such as uninterrupted feeding, simultaneous feeding by large numbers of mosquitoes and host desensitisation to bites were also considered important in contributing to the success or failure of a mosquito in obtaining a blood-meal.

A Survey on Tick Infestation in Domestic Birds Sold at Gwagwalada Market, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria.

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (04) ◽  
pp. 4974
Author(s):  
Ayoh Stephen O. ◽  
Olanrewaju Comfort A*
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
Vector Group ◽  
Arthropod Vector ◽  
Argas Persicus ◽  
Domestic Birds ◽  
Micro Organisms

Ticks transmit a greater variety of pathogenic micro-organisms than any other arthropod vector group, and are among the most important vectors of diseases affecting animals. A survey on the prevalence of tick species infesting domestic birds sold in Gwagwalada main market, Abuja between April and July, 2015. A total of 450 birds were examined by feather separation with fingers and a pair of forceps to expose the skin of the birds for presence of the ticks. An overall prevalence of 25.6% was observed. Out of the 150 domestic fowls examined 62(53.9%) were infested, 44(29.3%) of the 150 Guinea fowl and 9(6.0%) of the 150 Pigeons were infested. Of all the ticks identified, 93(51.4%) were from the Domestic Fowls and 77(42.5%) from the Guinea fowl and 11(6.0%) from Pigeon. Thirty (32.3%) of the ticks from the Domestic fowls were Argas persicus, 25(26.9%) Argas walkerae, 20 (21.5%) Ornithodorus moubata and 18(19.4%) Ornithodorus savignyi. Similarly, 34(44.2%) of the ticks from Guinea fowl were A. walkerae, 20(28.2%) O. moubataand 23(32.4%) O. savignyi. Five (45.5%) of the ticks from Pigeon were A. persicus, 4 (36.4%) were A. walkerae, 2 (18.2%) were O. moubata and no O. savignyi. Observation on the location of tick from the hosts body showed highest prevalence was found under the wings (55.2%) and lowest on the head & neck (5.00%). The result of this research revealed that Gwagwalada market poultry section is endemic of tick infestation. Chemical control with acaricides and improved management and sanitation of the poultry cages in the market should be enforced.

scholarly journals THE PATHOLOGIC EFFECTS OF STREPTOCOCCI FROM CASES OF POLIOMYELITIS AND OTHER SOURCES

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carroll G. Bull
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Streptococci cultivated from the tonsils of thirty-two cases of poliomyelitis were used to inoculate various laboratory animals. In no case was a condition induced resembling poliomyelitis clinically or pathologically in guinea pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, or monkeys. On the other hand, a considerable percentage of the rabbits and a smaller percentage of some of the other animals developed lesions due to streptococci. These lesions consisted of meningitis, meningo-encephalitis, abscess of the brain, arthritis, tenosynovitis, myositis, abscess of the kidney, endocarditis, pericarditis, and neuritis. No distinction in the character or frequency of the lesions could be determined between the streptococci derived from poliomyelitic patients and from other sources. Streptococci isolated from the poliomyelitic brain and spinal cord of monkeys which succumbed to inoculation with the filtered virus failed to induce in monkeys any paralysis or the characteristic histological changes of poliomyelitis. These streptococci are regarded as secondary bacterial invaders of the nervous organs. Monkeys which have recovered from infection with streptococci derived from cases of poliomyelitis are not protected from infection with the filtered virus, and their blood does not neutralize the filtered virus in vitro. We have failed to detect any etiologic or pathologic relationship between streptococci and epidemic poliomyelitis in man or true experimental poliomyelitis in the monkey.

Age and food hardness affect food handling by insectivorous bats

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
pp. 985-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.E. Fraser ◽  
M.B. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Foraging ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Myotis Lucifugus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Food Handling ◽  
Insectivorous Bats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Food Items ◽  
And Gender

Eating behaviour can vary with age, experience, and gender, as well as food hardness. This variation can contribute to intraspecific dietary differences and may result in variable definitions of optimal foraging and decreased intraspecific competition. We quantified feeding behaviour of insectivorous bats eating hard and soft mealworm-based food items based on the bats’ ability to consume and manipulate food items, consumption time, chew frequency, and total chews to consume. Adult Myotis lucifugus (LeConte, 1831) were more successful at both consuming and manipulating mealworms and consumed mealworms more quickly, with greater chew frequency and in fewer chews, than did subadults. Adults chewed mealworm viscera more frequently than did subadults but showed no differences in the other variables. Adult Eptesicus fuscus (Beauvois, 1796) consumed mealworms more quickly and with fewer chews than did subadults but showed no differences in the other variables. There were no differences between adult and subadult E. fuscus when consuming mealworm viscera. Male and female M. lucifugus did not differ significantly when eating either mealworms or mealworm viscera. There was no change in subadult consumption time of mealworms over the summer. Age-based differences in eating abilities may play a role in defining optimal foraging and dietary composition in insectivorous bats.

Hosts of Amblyomma dissimile Koch, 1844 and Amblyomma rotundatum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2541 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALBERTO A. GUGLIELMONE ◽  
SANTIAGO NAVA
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Trachemys Scripta ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dasypus Novemcinctus ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Boa Constrictor ◽  
Hydrochoerus Hydrochaeris ◽  
Natural Hosts

Host records of Amblyomma dissimile Koch, 1844 and Amblyomma rotundatum Koch, 1844 from the literature were critically reviewed. A total of 417 records on 101 species of tetrapods, and 193 records in 74 species of tetrapods were determined for A. dissimile and A. rotundatum, respectively. Aves have been found only once infested with A. dissimile. This tick has been detected on four species of Bufonidae, while A. rotundatum has been recorded on 13 species from six families of Anura. Crocodilia has been recorded infested by A. rotundatum (captive host, one species) and A. dissimile (two species). Sixteen species of Mammalia from ten families and eight species from eight families have been found infested with A. dissimile and A. rotundatum, including humans, respectively. A total of 63 species of Squamata (10 families) were found infested with A. dissimile, while the corresponding numbers for A. rotundatum are 45 species in nine families. A total of 15 species of Testudines (four families) and nine species (three families) have been found infested with A. dissimile and A. rotundatum, respectively. When infestation on captive and laboratory hosts were excluded from the analysis the number of species naturally infested with A. dissimile diminished to 88 and 58 for A. rotundatum. However, natural hosts infested with larvae, nymphs and adults of A. dissimile are Bufo marinus (Linnaeus), Bufo peltocephalus Tschudi, Proechimys semispinosus (Tomes), Boa constrictor Linnaeus, Epicrates striatus (Fischer), Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler), Cyclura cychlura (Cuvier), Iguana iguana (Linnaeus), Tupinambis teguixin (Linnaeus) and Trachemys scripta (Thunberg), but the commonest hosts harbouring all parasitic stages are B. marinus, B. constrictor and I. iguana. Hosts for all parasitic stages of A. rotundatum are B. marinus, Bufo schneideri Werner and B. constrictor, although records on B. marinus are considerably higher than the records on the other two hosts. The contribution of sheep and Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Linnaeus) as hosts of A. dissimile, and Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus as host of A. rotundatum, were overestimated in previous studies. The ample host-range of these tick species may partly explain their wide distribution from southern U.S.A. to northern Argentina, but there are also chances that more than one species are represented under the names A. dissimile and A. rotundatum.

The influence of feeding strategies on the attendance of cows to an automatic milking system, and their effects on lying and feeding behaviour

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 78-78
Author(s):  
N.B. Prescott ◽  
T.T.F. Mottram ◽  
A.J.F. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Alternative Design ◽  
Milk Cows ◽  
Automatic Milking System ◽  
Automatic Milking ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

An automatic milking system (AMS) has the potential to milk cows when the cow chooses. However cows must attend the system at an appropriate frequency. The provision of food in the AMS is a robust, way of luring cows into the system. The system can be arranged such that the cows have to visit the AMS to access food in the exit area the other side. Here they can be fed forage or concentrate. It has been shown that feeding cows forage as a lure can result in modified forage feeding behaviour, and this may be to the detriment of the cows (Winter, 1993, Ketelaar-de-Lauwere, 1992). Feeding concentrate in the exit area may be an alternative design if the level of attendance generated is high enough. Cows can also be fed concentrate in the milking stall of the AMS. The aim of this experiment was to compare die effects of feeding forage or concentrate in the exit area and the effect of feeding or not feeding concentrate in the milking stall on attendances, and lying and feeding behaviour.

The genus Oigolaimella Paramonov, 1952 (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) and description of O. kruegeri n. sp. and O. ninae n. sp.

Nematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Fürst von Lieven
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationship ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Anterior Edge ◽  
Senior Synonym ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractOigolaimella kruegeri n. sp. and Oigolaimella ninae n. sp. are described. Oigolaimella kruegeri n. sp. males can be recognised by the lack of the gubernacular keel characteristic of other Oigolaimella species and by the modified distribution pattern of the genital sensillae. Oigolaimella ninae n. sp. can be recognised and distinguished from the other members of the genus by the refractive cuticularised ring formed by the anterior edge of the cheilostomatal collar. Oigolaimella longicauda (Claus, 1862) n. comb. is accepted as a valid species, regarded as a senior synonym of O. agilis (Skwarra, 1921) and redescribed. Oigolaimella diplogaster (von Linstow, 1890) n. comb. is proposed. The phylogenetic relationship of Oigolaimella is discussed and an ecological characterisation of the taxon given on the basis of observations on feeding behaviour and locomotion in the habitat.

Unequal sex ratios in longline catches

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Wirtz ◽  
T. Morato
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
The Other ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Longline Fishery ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
Different Response ◽  
The Given

There is sometimes a significant bias in the sex ratio of fish caught by longline. Usually, more females than males are caught. The possible reasons for unequal sex ratios in longline catches are listed and discussed. One sex could be more common in the area where the fishery takes place because there really is an unequal sex ratio in the population or because the other sex preferentially occurs in different places. Alternatively, longline fishery might preferentially catch one of the sexes. This could be a result of size difference between the sexes and thus a different response to the given hook size or bait size. Finally, sexes could differ in their feeding behaviour. There is growing evidence that females—not only of fish—are ‘energy maximizers’: they find food faster and spend more time feeding than do males. Thus, fishing methods using bait are likely to catch a higher proportion of females than fishing methods that do not use bait.

scholarly journals Cuttlefish show flexible and future-dependent foraging cognition

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 20190743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Billard ◽  
Alexandra K. Schnell ◽  
Nicola S. Clayton ◽  
Christelle Jozet-Alves
Keyword(s):  
Food Availability ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Foraging Strategy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Experimental Conditions

Some animals optimize their foraging activity by learning and memorizing food availability, in terms of quantity and quality, and adapt their feeding behaviour accordingly. Here, we investigated whether cuttlefish flexibly adapt their foraging behaviour according to the availability of their preferred prey. In Experiment 1, cuttlefish switched from a selective to an opportunistic foraging strategy (or vice versa ) when the availability of their preferred prey at night was predictable versus unpredictable. In Experiment 2, cuttlefish exhibited day-to-day foraging flexibility, in response to experiencing changes in the proximate future (i.e. preferred prey available on alternate nights). In Experiment 1, the number of crabs eaten during the day decreased when shrimp (i.e. preferred food) were predictably available at night, while the consumption of crabs during the day was maintained when shrimp availability was unpredictable. Cuttlefish quickly shifted from one strategy to the other, when experimental conditions were reversed. In Experiment 2, cuttlefish only reduced their consumption of crabs during the daytime when shrimps were predictably available the following night. Their daytime foraging behaviour appeared dependent on shrimps' future availability. Overall, cuttlefish can adopt dynamic and flexible foraging behaviours including selective, opportunistic and future-dependent strategies, in response to changing foraging conditions.

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