Food web of insects associated with the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and its introduced parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), in Africa

1987 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Neuenschwander ◽  
R. D. Hennessey ◽  
H. R. Herren
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Food Web ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
Epidinocarsis Lopezi ◽  
Cassava Mealybug ◽  
First Time

AbstractAbout 130 species of parasitoids and predators are reported, most of them for the first time, to be associated directly or indirectly with the cassava pest Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero and its parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis), newly introduced into Africa as a biological control agent. About 20 species are common. The species are grouped in 11 guilds, which include the indigenous hyperparasitoids, which originally attacked parasitoids of other mealybugs, the predators with which E. lopezi competes for the same food source and their antagonists.

MELANIZATION OF EGGS AND LARVAE OF THE PARASITOID, EPIDINOCARSIS LOPEZI (DE SANTIS) (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), BY THE CASSAVA MEALYBUG, PHENACOCCUS MANIHOTI MATILE-FERRERO (HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE)

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Sullivan ◽  
Peter Neuenschwander
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
Defense Reaction ◽  
Epidinocarsis Lopezi ◽  
Cassava Mealybug ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Host Tissues

AbstractThe encyrtid wasp Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) has been introduced into Africa as a biological control agent against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. This host has a defense reaction against the immature parasitoid that involves encapsulation and melanization. Under laboratory conditions, 37.5% of once-stung cassava mealybugs had been parasitized, as indicated by eggs and larvae of the parasitoid in dissected hosts. Of these parasitized cassava mealybugs, 89.6% contained melanized particles (egg, partially melanized larva, internal host tissues, exoskeleton wound scars). Some of the parasitoid larvae were only partially melanized, and either freed themselves from the melanized capsule or else shed it at the next molt. By the 3rd day of their development only 12.5% were completely melanized. In cassava mealybugs with melanized host tissue but no living parasitoid, the survival of the host was not affected by the melanization. The mealybug itself sometimes shed black particles at the next molt and these were found attached to the cast skins. When superparasitized in the laboratory, 68.6% of twice-stung cassava mealybugs contained parasitoids. Mummies collected from a field experiment showed that melanization rates of mummies increased with increasing parasitization rates. Thus, melanization in the cassava mealybug was commonly triggered when E. lopezi oviposited, but this defense reaction was mostly ineffective, permitting the introduced parasitoid to be a successful biological control agent in Africa against the cassava mealybug, a major pest on this important food crop.

scholarly journals KUTU PUTIH SINGKONG, PHENACOCCUS MANIHOTI MATILE-FERRERO (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE): PERSEBARAN GEOGRAFI DI PULAU JAWA DAN RINTISAN PENGENDALIAN HAYATI

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Budi Abduchalek ◽  
Aunu Rauf ◽  
Pudjianto .
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Cassava Mealybug ◽  
Introduced Pest

Cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): Geographic distribution in Java and initiation of biological control. Cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Psedococcidae), is a recently introduced pest in Indonesia. Parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was imported to control the pest. Studies were conducted to determine geographic distribution of P. manihoti throughout Java, and to evaluate the potential of the parasitoid as a biological control agent. Geographic distribution of the pest was determined through field survey, whereas evaluation of the parasitoid was studied through cage experiment and field release. Our survey revealed that the cassava mealybug has spread throughout Java. Heavy infestations caused shortened and distorted stems, complete defoliation, and stunted growth. In cages containing only mealybugs, all cassava plants (100%) died after two months. Whereas in cages containing both mealybugs and three pairs of parasitoid, rate of parasitization was 25% and plant mortality 20%. Parasitoids released in the field were able to survive, reproduce, and establish under Bogor climatic condition. These might indicate that parasitoid A. lopezi is a potential natural enemy to be used in biological control program of the cassava mealybug.

Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa

1988 ◽  
Vol 318 (1189) ◽  
pp. 319-333 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
South America ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
Epidinocarsis Lopezi ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Cassava Mealybug ◽  
Accidental Introduction

Since its accidental introduction into Africa, the cassava mealybug (CM) has spread to about 25 countries. The specific parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi , introduced from South America, its area of origin, into Nigeria in 1981, has since been released in more than 50 sites. By the end of 1986 it was established in 16 countries and more than 750 000 km 2 . In southwestern Nigeria, CM populations declined after two initial releases, and have since remained low. During the same period, populations of indigenous predators of CM , mainly coccinellids, have declined, as have indigenous hyperparasitoids on E. lopezi , because of scarcer hosts. Results from laboratory bionomic studies were incorporated into a simulation model. The model, field studies on population dynamics, and experiments excluding E. lopezi by physical or chemical means demonstrate its efficiency, despite its low reproductive potential.

scholarly journals First report of the predatory mite Amblyseius tamatavensis Blommers, 1974 (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Peru, and a key for the separation of the Amblyseius species reported so far from that country

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. ec03037
Author(s):  
Sofía Jiménez Jorge ◽  
Peterson R. Demite ◽  
Gilberto J. de Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Predatory Mites ◽  
Predatory Mite ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Phyllocoptruta Oleivora ◽  
First Time ◽  
Species Being

Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) is an important family of predatory mites, with some species being commercialized as biological control agents for the control of phytophagous mites and small insects. In Peru, 65 species of this family have been recorded so far, with Amblyseius being the most diverse genus, with 11 species. The aim of this study is to report for the first time the presence of Amblyseius tamatavensis Blommers, 1974 in Peru. In South America, this species has so far been reported only in Brazil and Venezuela. In Peru, A. tamatavensis was found on orange plants [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] in the district of Pangoa, department of Júnin. In the laboratory, collected specimens were observed to feed on Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmed, 1879) (Acari: Eriophyidae) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Studies to verify the potential of this species as a biological control agent for pests occurring in Peru should be conducted. A key to the Amblyseius species recorded in Peru is presented.

scholarly journals First record of Ooencyrtus pallidipes (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitizing eggs of Erionota torus Evans (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankita Gupta ◽  
Sharana Basappa
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
First Record ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Percent Parasitism ◽  
Egg Parasitism ◽  
Gregarious Parasitoid ◽  
First Time

The banana skipper <em>Erionota torus</em> Evans has recently emerged as a serious pest of banana. In the present study for the first time egg parasitism of <em>E. torus</em> by <em>Ooencyrtus pallidipes</em> (Ashmead), a gregarious parasitoid, is reported from India. The natural percent parasitism observed was 80−82% in the banana field located at Komanal, Shivamogga district, Karnataka. Since this parasitoid has served as an effective biological control agent for <em>E. torus</em> in Mauritius and Taiwan, possibilities are there that it can establish as a potential biological control agent in India as well.

Description of the mature larva and pupa of Anthonomus santacruzi Hustache (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), a biological control agent of Solanum mauritianum Scop. (Solanaceae), and remarks about its biology 

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4294 (5) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAFAŁ GOSIK ◽  
ARCHBOLD SASA ◽  
ED. T.F. WITKOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Mature Larva ◽  
Solanum Mauritianum ◽  
First Time

The mature larva and pupa of Anthonomus santacruzi Hustache (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) are illustrated and described for the first time. Biological data obtained from field-collected specimens are also presented and discussed. Lastly, an upgraded key for selected Anthonomini pupae is also given. 

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