scholarly journals KUTU PUTIH SINGKONG, PHENACOCCUS MANIHOTI MATILE-FERRERO (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE): PERSEBARAN GEOGRAFI DI PULAU JAWA DAN RINTISAN PENGENDALIAN HAYATI

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Budi Abduchalek ◽  
Aunu Rauf ◽  
Pudjianto .
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Cassava Mealybug ◽  
Introduced Pest

Cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): Geographic distribution in Java and initiation of biological control. Cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Psedococcidae), is a recently introduced pest in Indonesia. Parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was imported to control the pest. Studies were conducted to determine geographic distribution of P. manihoti throughout Java, and to evaluate the potential of the parasitoid as a biological control agent. Geographic distribution of the pest was determined through field survey, whereas evaluation of the parasitoid was studied through cage experiment and field release. Our survey revealed that the cassava mealybug has spread throughout Java. Heavy infestations caused shortened and distorted stems, complete defoliation, and stunted growth. In cages containing only mealybugs, all cassava plants (100%) died after two months. Whereas in cages containing both mealybugs and three pairs of parasitoid, rate of parasitization was 25% and plant mortality 20%. Parasitoids released in the field were able to survive, reproduce, and establish under Bogor climatic condition. These might indicate that parasitoid A. lopezi is a potential natural enemy to be used in biological control program of the cassava mealybug.

MELANIZATION OF EGGS AND LARVAE OF THE PARASITOID, EPIDINOCARSIS LOPEZI (DE SANTIS) (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), BY THE CASSAVA MEALYBUG, PHENACOCCUS MANIHOTI MATILE-FERRERO (HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE)

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Sullivan ◽  
Peter Neuenschwander
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
Defense Reaction ◽  
Epidinocarsis Lopezi ◽  
Cassava Mealybug ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Host Tissues

AbstractThe encyrtid wasp Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) has been introduced into Africa as a biological control agent against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. This host has a defense reaction against the immature parasitoid that involves encapsulation and melanization. Under laboratory conditions, 37.5% of once-stung cassava mealybugs had been parasitized, as indicated by eggs and larvae of the parasitoid in dissected hosts. Of these parasitized cassava mealybugs, 89.6% contained melanized particles (egg, partially melanized larva, internal host tissues, exoskeleton wound scars). Some of the parasitoid larvae were only partially melanized, and either freed themselves from the melanized capsule or else shed it at the next molt. By the 3rd day of their development only 12.5% were completely melanized. In cassava mealybugs with melanized host tissue but no living parasitoid, the survival of the host was not affected by the melanization. The mealybug itself sometimes shed black particles at the next molt and these were found attached to the cast skins. When superparasitized in the laboratory, 68.6% of twice-stung cassava mealybugs contained parasitoids. Mummies collected from a field experiment showed that melanization rates of mummies increased with increasing parasitization rates. Thus, melanization in the cassava mealybug was commonly triggered when E. lopezi oviposited, but this defense reaction was mostly ineffective, permitting the introduced parasitoid to be a successful biological control agent in Africa against the cassava mealybug, a major pest on this important food crop.

Food web of insects associated with the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and its introduced parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), in Africa

1987 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Neuenschwander ◽  
R. D. Hennessey ◽  
H. R. Herren
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Food Web ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Phenacoccus Manihoti ◽  
Epidinocarsis Lopezi ◽  
Cassava Mealybug ◽  
First Time

AbstractAbout 130 species of parasitoids and predators are reported, most of them for the first time, to be associated directly or indirectly with the cassava pest Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero and its parasitoid, Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis), newly introduced into Africa as a biological control agent. About 20 species are common. The species are grouped in 11 guilds, which include the indigenous hyperparasitoids, which originally attacked parasitoids of other mealybugs, the predators with which E. lopezi competes for the same food source and their antagonists.

Biological traits and the complex of parasitoids of the elm pest Orchestes steppensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Xinjiang, China

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Li ◽  
S.V. Triapitsyn ◽  
C. Wang ◽  
W. Zhong ◽  
H.-Y. Hu
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Invasive Species ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Biological Traits

AbstractThe flee-weevil Orchestes steppensis Korotyaev (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a steppe eastern Palaearctic species, notable as a serious pest of elms (Ulmus spp., Ulmaceae), by feeding on the leaves (adults) or mining them heavily (larvae), especially of Ulmus pumila L. in Xinjiang, China. We have corrected the previous misidentifications of this weevil in China as O. alni (L.) or O. mutabilis Boheman and demonstrated that it is likely to be an invasive species in Xinjiang. Prior to this study, natural enemies of O. steppensis were unknown in Xinjiang. Resulting from field investigation and rearing in the laboratory during 2013–2016, seven parasitoid species were found to be primary and solitary, attacking larval and pupal stages of the host weevil. Pteromalus sp. 2 is the dominant species and also is the most competitive among the seven parasitoids, which could considered to be a perspective biological control agent of O. steppensis. Yet, the current control of this pest by the local natural enemies in Xinjiang is still currently inefficient, even though in 2016 parasitism was about 36% on U. pumila in Urumqi, so the potential for a classical biological control program against it needs to be further investigated, including an assessment of its parasitoids and other natural enemies in the native range of O. steppensis. The presented information on the natural enemies of this weevil can be also important for a potential classical biological control program against it in North America (Canada and USA), where it is a highly damaging and rapidly spreading invasive species.

scholarly journals Classical Biological Control of Tropical Soda Apple with Gratiana boliviana

EDIS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Diaz ◽  
Julio Medal ◽  
Kenneth Hibbard ◽  
Amy Roda ◽  
A. Fox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Tropical Soda Apple ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Stocking Rates

Tropical soda apple is a prickly shrub native to South America. First reported in Glades Co., Florida in 1988, it later spread to Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina. It is a major problem in pastures and conservation areas. Negative impacts of tropical soda apple include reduction of cattle stocking rates, competition with native plants, and the costs associated with its control. Dense thickets of the weed also can disrupt the movement of wildlife. This 4-page fact sheet provides a summary of the major steps of the successful biological control program against tropical soda apple in Florida. The article covers the importance of the weed, identification and biology of the biological control agent, rearing and release efforts, establishment and impact, and efforts to communicate the outcomes of the program to stakeholders. Written by R. Diaz, J. Medal, K. Hibbard, A. Roda, A. Fox, S. Hight, P. Stansly, B. Sellers, J. Cuda and W. A. Overholt, and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, November 2012. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in971

scholarly journals A Conceptual Model to Describe the Decline of European Blackberry (Rubus anglocandicans), A Weed of National Significance in Australia

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 580-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Aghighi ◽  
L. Fontanini ◽  
P. B. Yeoh ◽  
G. E. St. J. Hardy ◽  
T. I. Burgess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
National Significance ◽  
The Impact

Human activities have had an adverse impact on ecosystems on a global scale and have caused an unprecedented redispersal of organisms, with both plants and pathogens moving from their regions of origin to other parts of the world. Invasive plants are a potential threat to ecosystems globally, and their management costs tens of billions of dollars per annum. Rubus anglocandicans (European blackberry) is a serious invasive species in Australia. Herbicide and cultural control methods are generally inefficient or require multiple applications. Therefore, a biological control program using stem and leaf rust strains is the main option in Australia. However, biological control using rusts has been patchy, as host factors, climate, and weather can alter the impact of the rust at different locations. In 2007, Yeoh and Fontanini noticed that blackberry plants on the banks of the Donnelly and Warren rivers in the southwest of Western Australia were dying in areas that were being regularly monitored for the impact of rust as a biological control agent. The symptoms on blackberry became known as the disease “blackberry decline”. Continuous and intensive investigations are required to discover the different biotic and abiotic components associated with specific declines in plant populations. The only agent so far introduced to Australia for the biological control of blackberry is the rust Phragmidium violaceum.

Nomenclatural changes in Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Zootaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4205 (6) ◽  
pp. 581
Author(s):  
DANIEL A. AQUINO ◽  
SERGUEI V. TRIAPITSYN ◽  
JOHN T. HUBER
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
South America ◽  
New World ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
World Species ◽  
Introduced Pest

Three New World species are transferred from Polynema Haliday to other genera of Mymaridae and redescribed based on examination of their type specimens: Polynema albicoxa Ashmead to Acmopolynema Ogloblin as Acmopolynema albicoxa (Ashmead), comb. n., Polynema porteri (Brèthes) to Agalmopolynema Ogloblin as Agalmopolynema porteri (Brèthes), comb. n., and Polynema giraulti Perkins, for which a lectotype is designated, to Stephanodes Enock as Stephanodes giraulti (Perkins), comb. n. Agalmopolynema shajovskoii Fidalgo, syn. n. is synonymized under Agalmopolynema porteri; Polynema (Dorypolynema) gaucho Triapitsyn & Aquino, syn. n. and P. grenadensis Ashmead, syn. n., are synonymized under Polynema (Dorypolynema) magniceps Ashmead, for which taxonomic notes are given. Caenomymar Yoshimoto, syn. n. is synonymized under Omyomymar Schauff, and its only species Caenomymar howdeni Yoshimoto is transferred to Omyomymar as Omyomymar howdeni (Yoshimoto), comb. n. Gonatocerus chula Triapitsyn & Bernal is transferred to Cosmocomoidea Howard as Cosmocomoidea chula (Triapitsyn & Bernal), comb. n. Erythmelus mirus Girault is transferred to Cleruchoides Lin & Huber as Cleruchoides mirus (Girault), comb. n. and compared with Cleruchoides noackae Lin & Huber, a species introduced from Australia into South America as a biological control agent of Thaumastocoris peregrinus Carpintero & Dellapé (Hemiptera: Thaumastocoridae), an introduced pest of Eucalyptus. Four spelling corrections are made to species names in Cosmocomoidea and Lymaenon Walker. 

scholarly journals Chemical Cues Induced from Fly-Oviposition Mediate the Host-Seeking Behaviour of Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an Effective Egg Parasitoid of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), within a Tritrophic Context

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Pumo Cai ◽  
Yunzhe Song ◽  
Da Huo ◽  
Jia Lin ◽  
Huameng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Fopius Arisanus

Fopius arisanus is a solitary endoparasitoid that parasitizes a variety of tephritid species. Native to the Indo-Australian region, it is currently exploited worldwide as a biological control agent due to its exceptional efficiency in reducing pest populations. The efficiency of any biological control program is affected by the host location ability of the parasitoids. The present study used a Y-tube olfactometer to test the behavioural responses of female F. arisanus to four fruit species which had undergone different types of damages: undamaged, damaged through Bactrocera dorsalis ovipositioning (i.e., infested), or different levels of mechanical damage. Our results suggest that F. arisanus females were significantly attracted to mangoes and pears (vs. purified air), regardless of their condition; however, whilst infested mangoes did not attract more female parasitoids compared to healthy or mechanically damaged fruits, infested pears attracted significantly more. For citrus fruits and peaches, oviposition damage caused them to be more attractive to parasitoid females. In terms of the longevity of the effects, infested mango fruits remained attractive for up to 5 days after infestation, whereas for infested peaches, pears, and citrus fruits, the attractiveness tended to decrease as time passed. Regarding mechanical damage, mango fruits that had undergone any intensity of damage were equally attractive to parasitoid females; however, peach and citrus fruits with high levels of mechanical damage were more attractive, and pears were found to be most attractive with slight mechanical damage. Additional to the above, we also tested the effect of insecticides on behavioural responses using mangoes. We found that the treatment of infested fruits with lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin remained attractive to F. arisanus females, albeit to different extents, which is in contrast to spinosad, cyantraniliprole, and acetamiprid. Finally, we suggest that the host-searching behaviour of F. arisanus females is mainly mediated by oviposition-induced volatiles, either emitted from the fruit or left by the fruit fly.

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