The early stages of certain West African Mosquitos

1917 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ingram ◽  
J. W. S. Macfie
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
West Indies ◽  
West African ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Specific Determination

Howard, Dyar and Knab in their monograph “ The Mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies,” in discussing the rearing of mosquitos, emphasise the importance of larvae in specific determination. They write (Vol. I, p. 181) “ Many species of Culex are of uncertain determination without the associated larvae, while some Aëdes have identical adults, yet dissimilar larvae. The characters of the larvae reside in the modifications of the chitinous appendages of the skin and the arrangement of the hairs. As these are fully retained by the cast skins, it is possible to preserve both the larva and the adult of the same identical specimen, thus assuring absolutely correct associations.”

scholarly journals Irish in the West Indies: Irish Influence on the Formation of English-Based Creoles

2015 ◽  
pp. 181-192
Author(s):  
Elena Perekhvalskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
West Indies ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
West African ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
The West ◽  
Irish Language ◽  
African Languages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The Caribbean

This article deals with the problem of the early stages of creole formation. The significant structural and material similarities between the aspectual systems of the verb in Hiberno-English and in the West Indies English-based creoles are demonstrated. Suggestions are made about the possible impact of the Irish language on the formation of the English-based creoles in the early stages of creolisation. The historical evidence which proves the possibility of language contact between Irish, English and West African languages in the Caribbean in the past is provided.

scholarly journals Notes on some distinctive points in the Pupae of West African mosquitos

1917 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ingram ◽  
J. W. Scott Macfie
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
West African ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
The West ◽  
The Difference

Wesché employed the relative length of the trumpets to the length of the thorax and the shape of the openings of the trumpets in drawing up a Key to the Pupae of West African Culicidae (Bull. Ent. Res., i, pp. 18–19). Howard, Dyar and Knab in their valuable monograph “ The Mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies ” (Vol. i, pp. 102–103) state that in their experience too much has been made of the difference between the pupal trumpets of Anopheles and Culex; the variations in the shape, size, and length of the breathing trumpets between different species are numerous, they say, but “ furnish no characteristics which are diagnostic of genera or larger groups.” They consider that there are intermediate forms and that differences between species are frequently more striking than between genera themselves. They remark also that this may equally well apply to the differences in shape of the pupal paddles, admitting, however, that “ there is a striking difference between the two tribes Culicini and Sabethini ” as regards the paddles for “ In the Culicini the paddles are large, broad and rounded in outline; they are strengthened by a stout longitudinal midrib which bears a spine or seta apically.

Diaporthe manihotis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Severe Attack ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Pale Green

Abstract A description is provided for Diaporthe manihotis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Manihot esculenta. DISEASE: Leaf spot of cassava (46, 64) or sometimes referred to as Phomopsis blight of tapioca (54, 2588). In the early stages of infection the visible symptoms are pale green, watersoaked, small round spots on young leaves and petioles which rapidly enlarge and turn brown. Severe attack leads to defoliation and infection spreading to the stem. Affected areas become shrivelled with numerous pycnidia embedded in the tissue. On severely infected stems the bark starts to peel off gradually leading to partial or total girdling. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Nigeria); Asia (India); Central America and West Indies (S.E. Dominica); South America (Colombia). TRANSMISSION: Probably by watersplash-dispersed conidia.

Conclusion: Legacies

2018 ◽  
pp. 238-242
Author(s):  
Deirdre Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
West African ◽  
Small Step ◽  
Commercial Agriculture ◽  
The West ◽  
Forced Labour ◽  
Black Poor ◽  
The Relationship

Smeathman dies in London from a ‘putrid fever’ in July 1786. The Committee for the Black Poor sully his posthumous reputation, possibly because of his support for a mixed-race constitution in Sierra Leone. They fail to see that Smeathman’s scheme for commercial agriculture, powered by the labour of redeemed slaves, presented a small step forward in recasting the relationship between forced labour and empire. Smeathman’s essay on the West African termite has many afterlives, especially in terms of its engravings, but the big book on Africa and the West Indies—his ‘Voyages and Travels’—is never published.

The Biological Control of the Weed Clidemia hirta, D. Don., in Fiji

1933 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert W. Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Central America ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Natural Order ◽  
The West ◽  
British Guiana ◽  
Rubber Plantations ◽  
Northern Portion ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Almost All

The plant Clidemia hirta belongs to the natural order Melostomaceae. It is of shrubby growth, with a hard tough stem and produces quantities of dark purple berries, filled with minute seeds. These berries are much relished by certain birds, which feed upon them and distribute the seeds. The leaves are covered with fine hairs and the plant is not eaten by stock.The plant is a native of the West Indies, Central America and the Northern portion of South America. It is supposed to have been introduced into Fiji from British Guiana at some time prior to 1890. That this was the origin of the plant is supported by slight differences observed by the writer in the foliage of the Trinidad, Panama and British Guiana forms of the plant, the Fijian one closely resembling those of the last named country.In Fiji the plant was first observed along the fences of paddocks in the Waimanu Valley, whence it spread with great rapidity, quickly becoming a weed of major importance. By 1919, when the writer arrived in the country, thousands of acres were covered with it to the exclusion of almost all other growth. On good soil it formed a stand five or six feet high, through which the cattle were only able to keep open narrow paths. Not only did it rapidly occupy the open grass lands, particularly the rich dairying and fattening country, but it thrived almost equally well under the shade of coconut and rubber plantations, leading to loss of many fallen nuts and entailing greatly increased weeding costs.

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