Diversity of culturable endophytic fungi vary through time in Manihot esculenta Crantz

Endophytic fungi are a ubiquituos group that colonize all plant species on earth. Studies comparing the location of endophytic fungi within the leaves and the sampling time in Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) are limited. In this study, mature leaves of M. esculenta from Panama were collected in order to compare the cultivable diversity of endophytic fungi and to determine their distribution within the leaves. A total of one hundred sixty endophytes belonging to 97 species representing 13 genera and 8 morphospecies determined as mycelia sterilia that containing 63 isolates were isolated. Cladosporium, Nigrospora, Periconia, and mycelia sterilia 1 and 3 were the most predominant isolated endophytes. We detected that endophytes varied across the sampling time, but not amongst locations within leaves. The endophytes composition across sampling and the location of endophytes within leaf was similar, except for Periconia and mycelia sterilia 3 and 7. The data generated in this study contribute to the knowledge on the biodiversity of endophytic fungi in Panama, and establish the bases for future research focused on understanding the function of endophytes in M. esculenta crops.

Occurrence and distribution of lace bug, whitefly, and shoot fly pest species on cassava (Manihot esculenta) crops according to region in Paraná State, Brazil

The cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) crop is relevant for human livelihoods, particularly in poorer regions. It is consumed fresh or as industrialized flour, and the roots and aerial parts are also used to feed livestock. Pests may limit cassava production, which may endanger food security due to the socioeconomic importance of the crop. Reports of the occurrence of three insect guilds, lace bugs, shoot flies, and whiteflies have been recorded in Paraná State, Brazil, but the distinct species and their distribution are yet to be determined. This lack of information limits the development of strategies to mitigate pest damage. Surveys were conducted in 39 counties (four farms per county) distributed throughout the state that encompass the various socioeconomic regions. The collected material was properly packed and sent to the laboratory for identification, and the following species were identified: lace bugs Vatiga illudens Drake, 1922 and Vatiga manihotae Drake, 1922 (both Hemiptera: Tingidae); whiteflies Bemisia tuberculata (Bondar, 1923) and Aleurothrixus aepim (Goeldi, 1886) (both Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and the cassava shoot fly Neosilba perezi Romero & Ruppel, 1973 (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) in Paraná State. Lace bugs were not found in the samples in the eastern and southern portions of the state. V. illudens was more widespread than V. manihotae. The whitefly A. aepim was not observed in three counties (eastern, southern, and central regions), whereas B. tuberculata and the cassava shoot fly were found in all regions sampled in Paraná State. Suggestions for future investigations of pest management are proposed.

Investigating cyanogen rich Manihot esculenta efficacy for Ru phytomining and application in catalytic reactions

Effective catalytic transfer hydrogenation of furfural into furfural alcohol was accomplished using a bio-based Ru catalyst, Ru@CassCat. The catalyst was successfully produced from cassava biomass grown in Ru-rich laboratory soils.

Diversidade da fauna edáfica em áreas com diferentes coberturas vegetais em Junqueiro, Alagoas

A fauna edáfica está presente em diversos solos e representa uma grande diversidade de espécies, desempenhando atribuições fundamentais para o ambiente. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a diversidade da fauna edáfica em três áreas com diferentes coberturas vegetais, uma plantação de macaxeira (Manihot esculenta), uma área de pasto de capim (Megathyrsus maximus) e um fragmento de mata. Foram coletadas cinco amostras de solo em cada área, numa parcela de 1000 m², a amostragem foi feita com a utilização de um gabarito de 0,30 x 0,30 cm. A coleta ocorreu no mês de abril de 2021 e todo material coletado foi feito a triagem manualmente, e posteriormente, acondicionados em um recipiente com álcool a 70%. Foram coletados 103 animais edáficos, sendo 84 na serrapilheira e 13 no solo da mata, 4 no solo da plantação e 2 no solo do pasto. As classes Insecta e Arachnida foram as mais abundantes dentre os animais identificados, sobretudo as ordens Araneae, Hymenoptera e Isoptera. Dessa forma, mostra-se que a serrapilheira da mata foi a amostra mais abundante e que o solo da mata, do cultivo de macaxeira e capim teve pouca diversidade de fauna edáfica.

POTENSI LIMBAH PERTANIAN TANAMAN PANGAN SEBAGAI PAKAN TERNAK ROMINASIA DI KECAMATAN WAELATAKABUPATEN BURU

Livestock is an important component to fulfil food need and as source of protein for the community which increase annually. These research objective was to determine the type of agricultural food crop waste, how much production of dry matter, crude protein, and Total Gigability Nutrit and also to find out how much the capacity of agricultural food crop waste in the Waelata District, Buru Regency. Feedstuff development is directed to optimize the use of local feed source, in particular crops waste. The results showed that crops waste available in Waelata were dominated respectively by rice (Oryza sativa L.) 92.17 %, sweet potato (Ipomoae batatas) 2.81 %, corn (zea mays ssp.) 1.89 %, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) 1.89 %, and cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) 1.12 %. Total dry matter production of the crops waste were rice (Oryza sativa L.) 2.52 tones/ha, sweet potato (Ipomoae batatas) 1.78 tone/ha, corn (zea mays ssp.) 0.63 tone/ha, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) 1.67 tones/ha, and cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) 0.41 tones/ha. Capacity of crops waste to support livestock systems based on dry matter, crude protein, Total Digestible Nutrient was respectivelly e.317 UT, 263 UT, and 3.134 UT.

Avaliação do processo fermentativo do caldo de mandiocaba (Manihot esculenta crantz) para produção de etanol

A Mandiocaba açucarada é uma raiz tipicamente brasileira utilizada para diversos fins comerciais ou para consumo. Dentre as suas utilidades ela se destaca por ser uma matéria prima que pode ser usada na produção de etanol. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as variáveis agitação, filtração e nutrientes no processo de fermentação alcoólica da mandiocaba pelo método de Análise de Variância Multifatorial. Os resultados obtidos na caracterização físico-química da raiz e do caldo, revelaram que a mandiocaba possui 87,71% de água e 6,8% de açucares redutores; 5,04% de açucares redutores, pH 6,65, respectivamente. A ANOVA demonstrou que a correlação entre os dados está estatisticamente bem ajustada com R2 = 0,99, indicando a conversão do °Brix em etanol e CO2. As variáveis agitação e filtração, foram os parâmetros mais significativos no trabalho, influenciando diretamente no processo fermentativo. Na cinética de formação de CO2 o ensaio 05 apresentou maior produção no intervalo de 12h, em relação ao consumo de °Brix todos os ensaios expressaram valores finais semelhantes. Para análise de rendimento e eficiência os ensaios 01 e 08 destacam-se como maior e menor valores de álcool produzido, respectivamente.