scholarly journals II.—Pre-Cambrian Volcanos and Glaciers

1880 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 488-491
Author(s):  
Henry Hicks

The subject of the recurrence of phenomena in geological time, so prominently brought forward by Prof. Ramsay in his recent address as President of the British Association, is one which cannot fail to be of interest to the geologist, as it constantly presents itself to him in all his inquiries. There are also doubtless many who are prepared to go with Prof. Ramsay to the length of his conclusions, and who believe “that from the Laurentian epoch down to the present day, all the physical events in the history of the earth have varied neither in kind nor in intensity from those which we now have experienced;” whilst others will be inclined to believe that though generally they have resembled one another in kind, yet that some have varied greatly in their intensity.

1899 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 573-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Knott

AbstractThe history of seismological research and discovery may be conveniently divided into three great epochs. 1. We have the recording of earthquakes in the popular significance of the term, with an enquiry into their character, based almost entirely upon the (usually) destructive results of their visitation. 2. We find investigators beginning to appeal to experiment to elucidate some of the effects noticed, with a growing appreciation of the necessity of recording all palpable earthquakes, whether destructive or not. One of the most honoured names in this connection is that of Mallet, whose two volumes on “The Great Neapolitan Earthquake” form a classic in the literature of the subject. Most of the developments of recent times will be found in embryo in the pages of this monumental work. 3. The introduction of instruments for recording earthquakes, and, as a natural consequence, the recognition of pulsations and tremors and the various kinds of earthquake too feeble to be detected by our senses.At every stage in this history, geological and physical problems of intrinsic difficulty have been encountered; and it is to the discussion of some of the most recent of these that this address is devoted.From the days of Mallet and Hopkins, numerous reports on earthquakes and seismological phenomena have been prepared and published by the British Association; and the last of these, from the industrious pen of J. Milne, F.R.S., formerly Professor of Mining in the Imperial University of Japan, has a surpassing wealth of detailed facts and of suggested theories.


Author(s):  
Tony Hallam

When the subject of extinctions in the geological past comes up, nearly everyone’s thoughts turn to dinosaurs. It may well be true that these long-extinct beasts mean more to most children than the vast majority of living creatures. One could even go so far as to paraphrase Voltaire and maintain that if dinosaurs had never existed it would have been necessary to invent them, if only as a metaphor for obsolescence. To refer to a particular machine as a dinosaur would certainly do nothing for its market value. The irony is that the metaphor is now itself obsolete. The modern scientific view of dinosaurs differs immensely from the old one of lumbering, inefficient creatures tottering to their final decline. Their success as dominant land vertebrates through 165 million years of the Earth’s history is, indeed, now mainly regarded with wonder and even admiration. If, as is generally thought, the dinosaurs were killed off by an asteroid at the end of the Cretaceous, that is something for which no organism could possibly have been prepared by normal Darwinian natural selection. The final demise of the dinosaurs would then have been the result, not of bad genes, but of bad luck, to use the laconic words of Dave Raup. In contemplating the history of the dinosaurs it is necessary to rectify one widespread misconception. Outside scientific circles the view is widely held that the dinosaurs lived for a huge slice of geological time little disturbed by their environment until the final apocalypse. This is a serious misconception. The dinosaurs suffered quite a high evolutionary turnover rate, and this implies a high rate of extinction throughout their history. Jurassic dinosaurs, dominated by giant sauropods, stegosaurs, and the top carnivore Allosaurus, are quite different from those of the Cretaceous period, which are characterized by diverse hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, and Tyrannosaurus. Michael Crichton’s science-fiction novel Jurassic Park, made famous by the Steven Spielberg movies, features dinosaurs that are mainly from the Cretaceous, probably because velociraptors and Tyrannosaurus could provide more drama.


1879 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 447-538 ◽  

The following paper contains the investigation of the mass-motion of viscous and imperfectly elastic spheroids, as modified by a relative motion of their parts, produced in them by the attraction of external disturbing bodies; it must be regarded as the continuation of my previous paper, where the theory of the bodily tides of such spheroids was given. The problem is one of theoretical dynamics, but the subject is so large and complex, th at I thought it best, in the first instance, to guide the direction of the speculation by considerations of applicability to the case of the earth, as disturbed by the sun and moon.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paloma Ramírez Vongrejova ◽  
María José Massé Rodríguez

<p><span>There is widespread agreement among my fellow colleagues who teach Geology that the History of our planet is a tough topic for teenagers. Unfortunately, not only is the subject considered boring but also useless by the majority of our school students.</span></p><p><span>Our experience teaching these contents in a traditional way has shown us that pupils vaguely remember anything. In order to give a different approach to this issue and, therefore, to promote meaningful learning, we have designed a project where students must be fully engaged.</span></p><p><span>First, the class was organized in cooperative learning groups, so they had to collaborate to complete the task. Then, they started the research period using laptop computers available in the school. Students now dealt with specific vocabulary such as the geologic time scale terms but also a variety of events that occurred from the very first moments, from the formation of the Earth itself to the development of the big reptiles that have always fascinated children and adults, especially their dramatic extinction.</span></p><p> <span><span>Once the topic was developed in detail, they were required to make a poster on scale with the information collected. It was undeniable that pictures or photographs must cover most of the poster as long as short sentences describing both biological and geological phenomena. What we were also concerned about their learning was to improve their creativity. Because of this, they were encouraged to make their own drawings.</span></span></p><p><span>Students really liked the activity, built stronger relationships between them and the final products were so amazing that were exhibited in the walls of the hallways outside their classroom.</span></p><p><span>All these events have been recorded in the rocks so geologists could unfold part of the mysteries of our History. Our teenagers discovered them an represented them for us to enjoy.</span></p>


1993 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-242
Author(s):  
David Leveson

The content and form of a course in the history of geology are dictated by the nature of the subject matter, the conceived purpose of the course, the background of the instructor and the students who participate, and the availability of appropriate readings. In an undergraduate course just offered by the Brooklyn College Geology Department, half the class were geology majors, half non-science majors. The stated aim of the course was epistemological: a consideration of how one comes to believe something. Investigation was pursued through a comparison of different historiographic accounts of major ideas, episodes and figures in the history of geology: the age of the earth; the meaning of fossils; 17th and 18th C ‘theories of the earth’; the denudation dilemma; the basalt and granite controversies; directionalism; Lyell's ‘uniformitarianism’; fluvialism, diluvialism, and glacialism. Where possible, original writings were consulted; the recent advent of a low cost reprint of Lyell's "Principles" was particularly fortunate. Inevitably, the methods, boundaries, controls, and workings of science were questioned, as was the meaning of ‘truth.’ The history of geology is a particularly useful tool for such an epistemological investigation because, prior to its mid-19th C professionalization, geology was relatively free of arcane jargon or sophisticated technology; thus, it is accessible to students with minimal scientific background. The students came to appreciate the relative character of knowledge and the probable evanescence of current belief. As for myself, trained as a geologist, I came to respect the insights and problems of historians, philosophers and sociologists, and to appreciate the pitfalls and opportunities of teaching in an area beyond one's expertise. Going out on a limb, I suggest that a course in the history of geology could serve well as partially fulfilling undergraduate science requirements.


The realization that the behaviour of the Earth has changed radically during geological time has come about largely in the last decade. This development, which constitutes one of the major advances in geological thinking, results from the study of Precambrian phenomena in many parts of the world and in particular from the work of a small number of geochronologists. In the last ten years as large numbers of unfossiliferous Precambrian rocks have been dated, it has become clear that the nature of geological processes has varied throughout geological time and that one of the cardinal doctrines of geology - the concept that the present is the key to the past — could not be applied to the study of the early history of the Earth.


2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
Diogo Jorge de Melo ◽  
Ana Carolina Fortes Bastos ◽  
Vanessa Maria da Costa Rodrigues ◽  
Vinícius De Moraes Monção

Herein is described the development of a ludical activity in Paleontology with the purpose to apply the concepts of the geological time and the processes that occurred along the history of the Earth. This activity, that was teste in the event "Bio na Rua" of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, consisted on the use of didactic panels concerning paleontological themes, geological time chart, fossil and ichnofossil concepts, the development of a board game showing the Earth history and origami workshops.


The Geologist ◽  
1861 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 332-347
Author(s):  
W. Pengelly

The rooks composing the earth's crust contain a history and represent time—a history of changes numerous, varied, and important: changes in the distribution of land and water; in the thermal conditions of the world; and in the character of the organic tribes which have successively peopled it. The time required for these mutations must have been vast beyond human comprehension, requiring, for its expression, units of a higher order than years or centuries. In the existing state of our knowledge it is impossible to convert geological into astronomical time: it is at present, and perhaps always will be, beyond our power to determine how many rotations on its axis, or how many revolutions round the sun the earth made between any two recognised and well-marked events in its geological history. Nevertheless it is possible, and eminently convenient, to break up geological time into great periods: it must not be supposed, however, that such periods are necessarily equal in chronological, organic, or lithological value; or separated from one another by broadly marked lines of demarcation; or that either their commencements or terminations in different and widely separated districts were strictly synchronous.One of the terms in the chronological series of the geologist is known as the Devonian, that which preceeded it the Silurian, and the succeeding one the Carboniferous period; and these, with some others of less importance, belong to the Palæozoic or ancient-life epoch, or group of periods.


The Geologist ◽  
1861 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31

Amiens and Abbeville do not, however, enjoy a monopoly in these flint implements; they are found, apparently, all over the earth. At any rate, we can boast in our land of such treasures, and we can proudly record that the first discovered specimens belong to England. Let Amiens and Abbeville by all means be commemorated as the scenes of M. Boucher de Perthes' persevering investigations, which have furnished the incitement to the present remarkable inquiry—let the names of Boucher de Perthes, Prestwich, Falconer, Flower, and Evans, be duly honoured as the pioneers of the investigation; but let us also think of Hoxne, Grays, Ilford, Maidstone, Stanway, and the scores of other places where mammalian bones have been found in our own land—and, let us hope that our young geologists will set to work, and reap a rich harvest in the yet ungarnered fields. Does not this first recorded implement—this earliest discovered relic—(fig. 5) treasured and preserved in the Sloane collection, the nucleus of the British Museum, and entered in that old catalogue, two hundred years ago—encourage them. Does it not say in unmistakable language “Under your feet these relies may be found?”There is another of these spear-shaped flints, which has obtained a great deal of notoriety in the late discussions. It was found at Hoxne, in Suffolk—a place memorable in the history of the good king Edmund, the saint and martyr—and was described, and figured in the “Archæologia,” (see cut 9, p. 20), by Mr. Frere, the finder, who, with remarkable acuteness, seems to have fully comprehended the value and true bearing of his discovery. His paper is, even now, an excellent epitome of the subject; and we give it at length, just as it was read in 1797, before the Society of Antiquaries of London.


1865 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 197-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. C. Godwin-Austen

The two Memoirs by Dr. Reynès, on the Cretaceous formation, which were noticed in the ninth number of the Geological Magazine, suggest two questions: how far subdivisions there proposed are applicable to the Cretaceous series of this country; and, next, as to the sufficiency of the ground on which the synchronism of the subdivisions of geological formations has been based. The subject of the second Memoir, ‘De l'Étage,’ involves considerations which might be well extended to the whole range of the geological series: indeed, it will hardly be profitable to make much progress with the past physical history of the earth until rules for determining geological horizons shall be established.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document