A lower Silurian (Llandovery) diplobathrid crinoid (Camerata) from mid-Wales

2020 ◽  
Vol 157 (7) ◽  
pp. 1176-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona E. Fearnhead ◽  
Stephen K. Donovan ◽  
Joseph P. Botting ◽  
Lucy A. Muir
Keyword(s):  
Turbidity Current ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Upper Ordovician ◽  
Environmental Fluctuation ◽  
Lower Silurian ◽  
Sedimentary Succession ◽  
Early Palaeozoic ◽  
Cover Plates

AbstractEarly Palaeozoic crinoids are known only patchily from the British Isles except for accumulations at starfish beds. A single, exquisitely preserved crinoid is reported from the Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) of the Pysgotwr Grits Formation of the Llangurig area, Powys, mid-Wales. This sedimentary succession is turbiditic in origin and poorly fossiliferous. The crinoid is a diplobathrid camerate, Euptychocrinus longipinnulus sp. nov., preserved as an external mould without counterpart. It has a high, shuttlecock-like crown; a conical, unsculptured cup; low infrabasals; a pair of long, slender, feather-like arms on each ray, each bearing numerous long pinnules; and a heteromorphic column. Most previous reports of this genus have been from the Upper Ordovician – lower Silurian series of Laurentia; uncertainly, it is described from the Upper Ordovician deposits of Morocco (Gondwana). Euptychocrinus longipinnulus is the first Avalonian occurrence. The beautiful preservation of the arms, including cover plates of pinnules, contrasts with the proxistele, which is a series of ‘broken sticks’. This crinoid responded to an adverse environmental fluctuation, probably a turbidity current, by autotomizing the stem, but it was carried downslope and buried alive.

scholarly journals Difference Analysis of Organic Matter Enrichment Mechanisms in Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Shale from the Yangtze Region of Southern China and Its Geological Significance in Shale Gas Exploration

Geofluids ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Wen ◽  
Zhenxue Jiang ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Yan Song ◽  
Shu Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Sedimentary Organic Matter ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Silicon Isotope ◽  
Upper Ordovician ◽  
Lower Silurian ◽  
Excess Silicon ◽  
Lower Yangtze

The upper Ordovician-lower Silurian shale has always been the main target of marine shale gas exploration in southern China. However, the shale gas content varies greatly across different regions. The organic matter content is one of the most important factors in determining gas content; therefore, determining the enrichment mechanisms of organic matter is an important problem that needs to be solved urgently. In this paper, upper Ordovician-lower Silurian shale samples from the X-1 and Y-1 wells that are located in the southern Sichuan area of the upper Yangtze region and the northwestern Jiangxi area of the lower Yangtze region, respectively, are selected for analysis. Based on the core sample description, well logging data analysis, mineral and elemental composition analysis, silicon isotope analysis, and TOC (total organic carbon) content analysis, the upper Ordovician-lower Silurian shale is studied to quantitatively calculate its content of excess silicon. Subsequently, the results of elemental analysis and silicon isotope analysis are used to determine the origin of excess silicon. Finally, we used U/Th to determine the characteristics of the redox environment and the relationship between excess barium and TOC content to judge paleoproductivity and further studied the mechanism underlying sedimentary organic matter enrichment in the study area. The results show that the excess silicon from the upper Ordovician-lower Silurian shale in the upper Yangtze area is derived from biogenesis. The sedimentary water body is divided into an oxygen-rich upper water layer that has higher paleoproductivity and a strongly reducing lower water that is conducive to the preservation of sedimentary organic matter. Thus, for the upper Ordovician-lower Silurian shale in the upper Yangtze region, exploration should be conducted in the center of the blocks with high TOC contents and strongly reducing water body. However, the excess silicon in the upper Ordovician-lower Silurian shale of the lower Yangtze area originates from hydrothermal activity that can enhance the reducibility of the bottom water and carry nutrients from the crust to improve paleoproductivity and enrich sedimentary organic matter. Therefore, for the upper Ordovician-lower Silurian shale in the lower Yangtze region, exploration should be conducted in the blocks near the junction of the two plates where hydrothermal activity was active.

scholarly journals Effect of Hydrothermal Activity on Organic Matter Enrichment of Shale: A Case Study of the Upper Ordovician and the Lower Silurian in the Lower Yangtze, South China

Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhou Huang ◽  
Zhenxue Jiang ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Yan Song ◽  
Shu Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Hydrothermal Activity ◽  
Late Ordovician ◽  
Sedimentary Organic Matter ◽  
Upper Ordovician ◽  
Lower Silurian ◽  
Activity Intensity

The effect of organic matter on hydrocarbon potential, storage space, and gas content of shale is well-known. Additionally, present-day content of sedimentary organic matter in shale is controlled by depositional and preservation processes. Therefore, a study of the enrichment mechanisms of sedimentary organic matter provides a scientific basis for the determination of favorable areas of shale gas. In this study the Upper Ordovician Xinkailing Fm. and the first member of the Lower Silurian Lishuwo Fm. were examined. Stratigraphic sequences were identified through conventional logs and elemental capture spectrum data. Oxygen isotope analysis was applied to recover paleotemperature of seawater in the study area. The excess silicon content was calculated and the origin of the silica was determined by the Fe-Al-Mn ternary plot. The enrichment mechanism of organic matter was analyzed by two aspects: redox conditions and paleoproductivity. As a result, the stratigraphic interval was divided into two 3rd-order sequences. Through oxygen isotope, the paleotemperature of seawater was 62.7–79.2 °C, providing evidence of the development of hydrothermal activity. Analysis of excess siliceous minerals identified two siliceous mineral origins: terrigenous and hydrothermal. It also revealed an upwards decreasing tendency in hydrothermal activity intensity. Strong hydrothermal activity during the Late Ordovician, recognized as TST1, formed a weak-oxidizing to poor-oxygen environment with high paleoproductivity, which promoted organic matter enrichment. During the Late Ordovician to the Early Silurian, identified as RST1, TST2, and RST2, weakening hydrothermal activity caused the decline of paleoproductivity and increased oxidation of bottom waters, leading to a relative decrease of organic matter content in the shale. Therefore, favorable areas of shale gas accumulation in the Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian are determined stratigraphically as the TST1, with a high total organic carbonate content. Geographically, the hydrothermally-active area near the plate connection of the Yangtze and the Cathaysian is most favorable.

Foxe Platform and Basin Tectono-Sedimentary Element

2021 ◽  
pp. M57-2016-27
Author(s):  
Denis Lavoie ◽  
Nicolas Pinet ◽  
Shunxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Black Shales ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Precambrian Basement ◽  
Upper Ordovician ◽  
Lower Paleozoic ◽  
Lower Silurian ◽  
The North ◽  
Marine Carbonate ◽  
Single Well

AbstractThe Foxe Platform and Basin Tectono-Sedimentary Element is an ovoid-shaped, predominantly marine basin located in the Canadian Arctic. The Paleozoic sedimentary succession (Cambrian to Silurian) unconformably overlies the Precambrian basement and reaches a maximum measured thickness of slightly over 500 metres in the only exploration well drilled in this basin. The Lower Paleozoic Foxe Platform and Basin Tectono-Sedimentary Element is surrounded by Precambrian basement and by the Paleozoic Arctic Platform to the north and by the Paleozoic-Mesozoic (?) Hudson Bay Strait Platform and Basin to the south. The Paleozoic succession consists of a Cambrian clastic-dominated interval overlain by Ordovician to lower Silurian predominantly shallow marine carbonate. Other than a single well drilled in the northern part of the basin, no subsurface information is available. Thermally immature Upper Ordovician organic matter rich calcareous black shales have been mapped on the onshore extension of the basin to the southeast. Potential hydrocarbon reservoirs consist of Cambrian porous coarse-grained clastics as well as Upper Ordovician dolostones and reefs.

scholarly journals The Role of Deep Geofluids in the Enrichment of Sedimentary Organic Matter: A Case Study of the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian in the Upper Yangtze Region and Early Cambrian in the Lower Yangtze Region, South China

Geofluids ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Jun Peng ◽  
Weiwei Liu ◽  
Bin Li ◽  
Qingsong Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Sedimentary Organic Matter ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Upper Ordovician ◽  
Longmaxi Formation ◽  
Lower Silurian ◽  
Lower Yangtze Region ◽  
Lower Yangtze ◽  
Volcanic Activities

Organic matter is the material basis for shales to generate hydrocarbon, as well as the main reservoir space and seepage channel for shale gas. When the thermal evolution degree is consistent, the organic carbon content in present shales is subject to the abundance of primitive sedimentary organic matter. Deep geofluids significantly influence the sedimentary organic matter’s enrichment, but the mechanism remains unclear. This paper is aimed at determining how hydrothermal and volcanic activities affected the enrichment of sedimentary organic matter by studying lower Cambrian shales in the lower Yangtze region and upper Ordovician-lower Silurian shales. Oxidation-reduction and biological productivity are used as indicators in the study. The result shows that hydrothermal or volcanic activities affected the enrichment of sedimentary organic matter by influencing climate changes and the nutrients’ sources on the waterbody’s surface and reducing water at the bottom. In the lower Cambrian shales of the Wangyinpu Formation in the lower Yangtze region, hydrothermal origin caused excess silicon. During the sedimentary period of the lower and middle-upper Wangyinpu Formation, vigorous hydrothermal activities increased the biological productivity on the waterbody’s surface and intensified the reducibility at the bottom of the waterbody, which enabled the rich sedimentary organic matter to be well preserved. During the sedimentary period of the lower upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation and the lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the upper Yangtze region, frequent volcanic activities caused high biological productivity on the waterbody surface and strong reducibility at the bottom of the waterbody. As a result, the abundant organic matter deposited from the water surface can be well preserved. During the sedimentary period of the upper Longmaxi Formation, volcanic activities died down gradually then disappeared, causing the biological productivity on the water surface to decrease. Besides, the small amount of organic matter deposited from the water surface was destroyed due to oxidation.

scholarly journals Mechanism Analysis of Organic Matter Enrichment of Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Shale in the Upper Yangtze Area: Taking Jiaoye-1 Well in the Jiaoshiba Block as an Example

Geofluids ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxue Liu ◽  
Zhenxue Jiang ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Yan Song ◽  
Lin Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Sedimentary Organic Matter ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Upper Ordovician ◽  
Longmaxi Formation ◽  
Lower Silurian ◽  
The One ◽  
Yangtze Area

Organic matter is the material basis of shale hydrocarbon generation. The current organic matter content in shale is controlled by the original sedimentary organic matter abundance. Therefore, the study of the enrichment mechanism of sedimentary organic matter in shale has become an important issue to be solved. The Upper Yangtze area is the important exploration and exploitation area of marine shale gas in China. The shale of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Yangtze area is the research object. Choosing redox indicator and biological productivity indicator, the study explores the enrichment mechanism of sedimentary organic matter from two aspects, sealing of water and volcanic activity. The results show that excess siliceous mineral in the shale of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in the Upper Yangtze area is bioorigin. Excess siliceous mineral can be used as one of the indicators of biological productivity. On the one hand, layer phenomenon occurred since the strong water sealing during the sedimentary period of Wufeng and the lower section of the Longmaxi Formation, which results in the high content of oxygen in surface water. On the other hand, the active volcanic activity brought volcanic ash which was beneficial to biological reproduction. Both of these factors led to higher biological productivity during this period. At the same time, the strong sealing of water made the lower layer of the water more reductive, and the active volcanic activity caused climate change, enhancing the reduction of the lower layer of the water, which made the rich organic matter deposited from the surface water well preserved. In the sedimentary period of the upper section of the Longmaxi Formation 1st member in the Upper Yangtze area, on the one hand, due to the weakened sealing of water, the oxygen content of the upper water decreased. On the other hand, the volcanic activity weakened until it stopped, and the source of volcanic ash rich in nutrient elements decreased. These two aspects led to lower biological productivity during this period. At the same time, the weaker water sealing could lead to a decrease in the reduction of the lower layer of the water, and the gradual cessation of volcanic activity no longer affected the climate, causing the destruction of sedimentary organic matter by oxidation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document