DOGS OF WAR, OR DOGS IN WAR? THE USE OF DOGS IN CLASSICAL GREEK WARFARE

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-246
Author(s):  
Owen Rees
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Ancient Source ◽  
Second World

In 1941, E. S. Forster wrote a short article, published in this journal, which compiled all of the instances he could identify in the ancient source material that described dogs being used in a military capacity. G. B. A. Fletcher, who had identified a few obscure references that Forster had not cited, responded to Forster's paper later that same year. The purpose of both papers was simply the compiling of a list, a purpose that had been inspired by Forster's interest in the French army's recruitment of dogs on the outbreak of the Second World War. The result was a thorough catalogue of known examples, showing the ancient dog being used for a variety of purposes such as patrol work or observation duties, or being used as combatants or despatch couriers. The primary aim, according to Forster was to ‘make a comparison with modern practice’ – that is, the French practice he had read about; the only exception for which he could find no ancient evidence was what he called ‘Red Cross’ work.

For the Victims of Pseudo-Medical Experiments

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (104) ◽  
pp. 646-647
Keyword(s):  
International Committee ◽  
Second World War ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
Central European ◽  
Medical Experiments ◽  
Second World

Twenty-five years after the second World War, the International Committee of the Red Cross is still dealing with claims for compensation from people living in certain Central European countries who were victims of pseudo-medical experiments in German concentration camps.

Tenth Anniversary of Henry Dunant Institute

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (175) ◽  
pp. 499-520
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
Second World

The idea to create a Red Cross Institute goes back quite a number of years. Very soon after the Second World War, suggestions were made to found in Geneva a place where people could meet and exchange views on the development of the spiritual heritage of the Red Cross.

On Behalf of Victims of Pseudo-Medical Experiments Red Cross Action

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (142) ◽  
pp. 3-21
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
Medical Experiments ◽  
The Government ◽  
Polish Government ◽  
Second World

On 16 November 1972, an agreement on compensation for the Polish victims of pseudo-medical experiments carried out in Nazi concentration camps during the Second World War was signed by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Government of the Polish People's Republic. In accordance with this agreement, which marks the end of the arrangement under which the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany has paid more than DM 40 million to 1,357 Polish victims through the ICRC since 1961, the Federal Republic of Germany will pay an additional DM 100 million to the Polish Government.

The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross (IV)

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (213) ◽  
pp. 301-312
Author(s):  
Jean Pictet
Keyword(s):  
Small Proportion ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Good Thing ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
Prisoner Of War ◽  
Principle Of Proportionality ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Second World

The principle of proportionality, though it would seem self-evident, is nevertheless difficult to apply fully in real life, where it encounters numerous obstacles.Let us take some real examples from the Red Cross world. During the Second World War, the ICRC transported and distributed in prisoner-of-war camps of certain countries vast quantities of relief packages it received from the countries of origin of the prisoners. It accepted this task since it was a good thing for at least part of the victims to receive assistance. There were also however many prisoners who received nothing at all, because their countries were powerless to act. The ICRC then tried to arrange for some of the packages addressed to the more fortunate prisoners to be delivered to those in greatest need. The donors sometimes agreed to this, but doing so was nevertheless exceptional and affected only a small proportion of the total shipments.

The activity of the International Tracing Service

1961 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 503-504
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
German Federal Republic ◽  
World War ◽  
Assistant Director ◽  
Second World ◽  
Italian National Institute

The International Commission of the ITS (International Tracing Service), which consists of representatives of the Governments of Belgium, France, German Federal Republic, Great Britain, Greece, Israel, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands and the United States, held its 25th meeting on October 30, under the presidency of the Italian delegate, Mr. Paolucci. This meeting took place at the Italian National Institute of Cologne, in the presence of the Directors of the ITS, Mr. Nicolas Burckhardt and of a representative of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Mr. Claude Pilloud, Assistant Director for General Affairs. It should be recalled that the International Tracing Service possesses immense archives and a great number of card-indexes concerning the fate of persons who had been deported, displaced or missing during the Second World War in Germany and in the countries then occupied by the German forces. Since 1955 the ICRC has been responsible for running this important information centre.

Umberto Zanotti Bianco and the Mogadishu events of 1948

Modern Italy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-176
Author(s):  
Andrea Ungari
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
World War ◽  
Traumatic Loss ◽  
Colonial Empire ◽  
Second World

Soon after the Second World War and the signing of the 1947 Peace Treaty, Italy was faced with the traumatic loss of its African colonial Empire, an Empire whose establishment had been one of the main objectives of the Fascist regime's foreign policy. This article analyses Anglo-Italian relations in the Somalian context, highlighting the contributions made by Fascism and by the anti-Italian policies of British troops to the tensions that were to lead to the tragic events of January 1948. Attention is focused on the diplomatic mission carried out by Umberto Zanotti Bianco, President of the Italian Red Cross, an important figure in Italian Liberalism. Zanotti Bianco was conscious of the need for Italy to rejoin the ‘club’ of democratic powers and, in accordance with the diplomatic strategy of Foreign Minister Carlo Sforza, he sought to reopen dialogue between Britain and Italy. The dispute between Italy and Britain brought about by the Mogadishu events and, more generally, by the Italian presence in Africa was soon brought to a close, due both to Zanotti Bianco's shrewd strategy and to the clear need for the Western Allies to strengthen De Gasperi's government on the eve of the decisive April 1948 elections.

Japanese Treatment of Allied Prisoners During the Second World War: Evaluating the Death Toll

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 514-534
Author(s):  
Michael Sturma
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
Friendly Fire ◽  
High Death ◽  
Second World

The high death rate of Allied prisoners of war in the Pacific compared with those in Europe is commonly used to signify the barbarous way in which the Japanese fought the Second World War. This study examines the extent to which ‘friendly fire’ inflated the death rate of Allied prisoners under the Japanese, and evaluates more broadly the perceived disparity between Japanese and German treatment of Allied prisoners of war (POWs). Four broad conclusions are drawn. First, that while Allied submarine and air attacks elevated the deaths rate of Allied prisoners held by the Japanese, even if these are excluded the POW death rate remains significantly higher than for those held by Germany. Second, in some respects, POW death rates under the Japanese can be more productively and favourably compared to Germany's treatment of Soviet prisoners on the Eastern front than its treatment of Western captives. Third, the death rates mask the diversity of prisoners’ experience under the Japanese. Finally, it is suggested that perhaps the single most important difference between German and Japanese treatment of Allied prisoners was the latter's failure to adequately distribute Red Cross supplies.

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