The River Ordeal in Israelite Literature

1973 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kyle McCarter
Keyword(s):  
Legal Cases ◽  
Wide Acceptance ◽  
Primary Function ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Similar Force

In 1907, Édouard Dhorme first associated the term 'ēd in Gen. 2:6 with Sumerian id, “the cosmic river.” This identification accords well with the presumed Mesopotamian background to the Yahwistic creation account, and so has enjoyed wide acceptance. The term, as was quickly recognized, also occurs in Job 36:27 with similar force. That this name for the cosmic river was normally pronounced id in Akkadian as well as Sumerian is shown from syllabic spellings, so that the loan into Hebrew offers no linguistic difficulties. In the Mesopotamian materials, a primary function of id, the (divine) River, was, as is well known, to serve as judge in certain legal cases. Trial by river ordeal was a widespread phenomenon, in which the accused was plunged into the river, where his success in withstanding the rushing waters was supposed to determine his guilt or innocence.

The Tempo and mode(S) of Prebiotic Evolution

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 419-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Lazcano
Keyword(s):  
Origin Of Life ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Early Diversification ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
The Origin Of Life

AbstractDifferent current ideas on the origin of life are critically examined. Comparison of the now fashionable FeS/H2S pyrite-based autotrophic theory of the origin of life with the heterotrophic viewpoint suggest that the later is still the most fertile explanation for the emergence of life. However, the theory of chemical evolution and heterotrophic origins of life requires major updating, which should include the abandonment of the idea that the appearance of life was a slow process involving billions of years. Stability of organic compounds and the genetics of bacteria suggest that the origin and early diversification of life took place in a time period of the order of 10 million years. Current evidence suggest that the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds may be a widespread phenomenon in the Galaxy and may have a deterministic nature. However, the history of the biosphere does not exhibits any obvious trend towards greater complexity or «higher» forms of life. Therefore, the role of contingency in biological evolution should not be understimated in the discussions of the possibilities of life in the Universe.

Stereo Electron Microscopy Applied to High Resolution Freeze-Etch Replicas

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 306-307
Author(s):  
L. Andrew Staehelin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Smooth Surfaces ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Membrane Surfaces ◽  
Wide Acceptance ◽  
New Information ◽  
Number Of Particles ◽  
Small Holes

Freeze-etched membranes usually appear as relatively smooth surfaces covered with numerous small particles and a few small holes (Fig. 1). In 1966 Branton (1“) suggested that these surfaces represent split inner mem¬brane faces and not true external membrane surfaces. His theory has now gained wide acceptance partly due to new information obtained from double replicas of freeze-cleaved specimens (2,3) and from freeze-etch experi¬ments with surface labeled membranes (4). While theses studies have fur¬ther substantiated the basic idea of membrane splitting and have shown clearly which membrane faces are complementary to each other, they have left the question open, why the replicated membrane faces usually exhibit con¬siderably fewer holes than particles. According to Branton's theory the number of holes should on the average equal the number of particles. The absence of these holes can be explained in either of two ways: a) it is possible that no holes are formed during the cleaving process e.g. due to plastic deformation (5); b) holes may arise during the cleaving process but remain undetected because of inadequate replication and microscope techniques.

Automation Surprise

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. de Boer ◽  
Karel Hurts
Keyword(s):  
Flight Control ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Aviation Safety ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Cognitive Errors ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Airline Pilots ◽  
Flight Operations ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Few Data

Abstract. Automation surprise (AS) has often been associated with aviation safety incidents. Although numerous laboratory studies have been conducted, few data are available from routine flight operations. A survey among a representative sample of 200 Dutch airline pilots was used to determine the prevalence of AS and the severity of its consequences, and to test some of the factors leading to AS. Results show that AS is a relatively widespread phenomenon that occurs three times per year per pilot on average but rarely has serious consequences. In less than 10% of the AS cases that were reviewed, an undesired aircraft state was induced. Reportable occurrences are estimated to occur only once every 1–3 years per pilot. Factors leading to a higher prevalence of AS include less flying experience, increasing complexity of the flight control mode, and flight duty periods of over 8 hr. It is concluded that AS is a manifestation of system and interface complexity rather than cognitive errors.

Gay Parents' Rights: Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Legal Cases

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica K. Miller ◽  
Jared Chamberlain ◽  
Michael Bogen
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Gay Parents

Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire--Korean Version

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinbae Shin ◽  
Sohee Heo ◽  
Ho-Ki Lee ◽  
Richard Tyler ◽  
In-Ki Jin
Keyword(s):  
Korean Version ◽  
Primary Function

From the “Judicialization of Politics” to the “Politicization of Justice” in the UK and Switzerland

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-135
Author(s):  
Lucia Della Torre
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Field ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Judicialization Of Politics ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Migration Law

Not very long ago, scholars saw it fit to name a new and quite widespread phenomenon they had observed developing over the years as the “judicialization” of politics, meaning by it the expanding control of the judiciary at the expenses of the other powers of the State. Things seem yet to have begun to change, especially in Migration Law. Generally quite a marginal branch of the State's corpus iuris, this latter has already lent itself to different forms of experimentations which then, spilling over into other legislative disciplines, end up by becoming the new general rule. The new interaction between the judiciary and the executive in this specific field as it is unfolding in such countries as the UK and Switzerland may prove to be yet another example of these dynamics.

Imagery, Representations and Imagination in al-Zamakhsharī’s al-Kashshāf

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-142
Author(s):  
Nadwah Daud
Keyword(s):  
Primary Function

This study explores the terminology of al-taṣwīr (‘imagery’), al-tamthīl (‘representations’) and al-takhyīl (‘imagination’) in al-Zamakhsharī’s al-Kashshāf. It first explores the meanings of the terms themselves, and then moves on to discuss their roles in elucidating the underlying signification of the Qur'anic text. Al-Zamakhsharī regards taṣwīr, tamthīl and takhyīl as indispensable exegetical tools, the primary function of which is clarification and explanation. After analysing the meaning of these three terms, this article also considers al-Zamakhsharī’s commentary on the Qur'anic text.

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