scholarly journals REASSESSING FRONTLINE MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS OF THE BRITISH CIVIL WARS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY MEDICAL WORLD

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-425
Author(s):  
ISMINI PELLS
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Current Medical Practice ◽  
Fresh Perspective ◽  
Military Revolution ◽  
The Glorious Revolution ◽  
Almost All

AbstractMedical provision in Civil War armies has generally suffered a poor reputation. Medical matters have been excluded from assessments of how far Civil War armies confirm evidence of the so-called ‘Military Revolution’, whilst Harold Cook argued that it was not until after the Glorious Revolution that the medical infrastructure of the armed forces was brought in line with continental practices, particularly those of the Dutch army. Despite the recent rehabilitation of early modern practitioners elsewhere, frontline military practitioners continue to be dismissed as uneducated, unskilful and incompetent. This is largely due to the lack of a fresh perspective since C. H. Firth published Cromwell's Army in 1902. This article argues that the English were well aware of current medical practice in European armies and endeavoured to implement similar procedures during the Civil Wars. Indeed, almost all the developments identified by Cook for the later seventeenth century can be found in Civil War armies. Whilst failures may have occurred, most of these can be attributed to administrative and financial miscarriages, rather than ignorance of contemporary medical developments. Moreover, there is little to suggest that medics mobilized for Civil War armies were any less capable than those who practised civilian medicine in this period.

Battlefields, burials and the English Civil Wars

2018 ◽  
pp. 23-39
Author(s):  
Ian Atherton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Social Memory ◽  
English History ◽  
Mass Graves ◽  
The Social ◽  
Civil War Soldiers ◽  
Parish Registers

Twentieth-century practices of battlefield preservation construct war graves as sites of memory and continuing commemoration. Such ideas, though they have led archaeologists in a largely fruitless hunt for mass graves, should not be read back into the seventeenth century. Hitherto, little attention has been paid to the practices of battlefield burial, despite the suggestion that the civil wars were proportionately the bloodiest conflict in English history. This chapter analyses the evidence for the treatment of the dead of the civil wars, engaging with debates about the nature and preservation of civil-war battlefields, and the social memory of the civil wars in the mid and later seventeenth century. It concludes that ordinary civil-war soldiers were typically excluded from parish registers as a sign that they were branded as social outcasts in death.

scholarly journals International Humanitarian Law and Internationalized Internal Armed Conflicts

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (230) ◽  
pp. 255-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
International War ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Internal Armed Conflicts

Internationalized internal armed conflicts have become a common feature of the past decades. In numerous civil wars foreign armed forces have intervened in favour of one or the other party and thereby attempted to influence the outcome of the conflict. Various causes have led to this development. One of them is the increased interdependence of States, as a consequence of which every civil war will affect other States and, conversely, the attitudes of other States may have an impact on the outcome of the civil war, even without any intervention. Another cause can be found in the world's ideological cleavage which divides nations and results in the overlapping of internal and international conflicts. Among further causes we can mention the existence of military blocs and of regional groupings which have an interest in preventing the overthrow of régimes within the bloc and tend to encourage alterations in other blocs. Another factor to be taken into consideration is the prohibition of the use of force in international relations. Whereas in earlier times States waged open wars in order to increase their power, today, due to the prohibition of the use of force, they rather endeavour to achieve the same result by interfering in the internal affairs of other States. Interference in internal conflicts is often a substitute for an international war. The instability of many contemporary régimes, mainly of the Third World, further favours the internationalization of internal conflicts.

The FARC's Best Friend: U.S. Antidrug Policies and the Deepening of Colombia's Civil War in the 1990s

2006 ◽  
Vol 48 (02) ◽  
pp. 95-116
Author(s):  
Mark Peceny ◽  
Michael Durnan
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Unintended Consequence ◽  
Best Friend ◽  
Colombian Government ◽  
Drug Cartels ◽  
Certification Requirements

Abstract The strengthening of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) during the 1990s was an unintended consequence of a series of tactical successes in U.S. antidrug policies. These included dismantling the Medellín and Cali drug cartels, interdicting coca coming into Colombian processing facilities, and using drug certification requirements to pressure the Colombian government to attack drug cartels and allow aerial fumigation of coca crops. These successes, however, merely pushed coca cultivation increasingly to FARC-dominated areas while weakening many of the FARC's political-military opponents. This provided the FARC with unprecedented opportunities to extract resources from the cocaine industry to deepen its long insurgency against the Colombian state. The Colombian experience demonstrates the importance of creating a more sophisticated understanding of how lootable wealth can exacerbate civil wars.

‘The More Posed and Wise Advice’: The Fourth Earl of Dorset and the English Civil Wars

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Charles I ◽  
Over Time

‘To me he was always the embodiment of Cavalier romance.’ Thus Vita Sackville-West on her seventeenth-century ancestor, Edward Sackville, fourth earl of Dorset. Such labelling indicates the problems which still bedevil any study of Civil War royalism. Brian Wormald'sClarendonbrilliantly revealed that the men who joined Charles I in 1642 represented a broad range of opinion. Above all, he made us aware of a coherent group of moderate (‘constitutional’) royalists who throughout sought accommodation. There was a palpable difference of strategy between these people, who favoured royal concessions in order to prevent further military initiatives, and others who favoured military initiatives in order to prevent further royal concessions. Within these two basic matrices, there were further subtle inflections of attitude between individuals and within the same individual over time. But many such inflections remain murky. Wormald's lead was never followed through. Charles's supporters have consistently received less attention than those who remained with parliament; and among the royalists, moderates have attracted fewer studies than ‘cavaliers’ and ‘swordsmen’. There is thus an urgent need to clarify different varieties of royalism and especially to bring the constitutional royalists into sharper focus. However, before we can assess their wider aims and impact, we must first identify them; and here the inappropriate labels bestowed on so many of Charles's supporters create real problems. Anne Sumner has recently ‘de-mythologized’ John Digby, first earl of Bristol, revealing him as more complex and less intemperate than the ‘hawk’ of legend.

scholarly journals II. Notes on the Life of Thomas Rainborowe, Officer in the Army and Navy in the service of the Parliament of England

Archaeologia ◽  
1880 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-64
Author(s):  
Edward Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Great Degree ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Biographical Dictionary ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Memory ◽  
Almost All

The want of a really good biographical dictionary of Englishmen is, perhaps, more felt by those whose vocation it is to investigate the details of the great civil war of the seventeenth century than by students of any other class. The fame of three or four of the leading spirits of the time has eclipsed in the common memory almost all the other people who took an important part in the struggle between Charles the First and his Parliament. Such must be in a great degree the case whenever the dramatic interest of the story centres in the actions of one commanding intellect or the misfortunes and errors of a single sufferer; but there is, we believe, no other great crisis in modern history where the less known have been permitted to remain so entirely unknown as the time of which we speak.

The Last English Civil War

Daedalus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Fukuyama
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
English Civil War ◽  
Glorious Revolution ◽  
English History ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
Normative Factors ◽  
The Glorious Revolution

This essay examines why England experienced a civil war every fifty years from the Norman Conquest up until the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689, and was completely stable after that point. The reasons had to do with, first, the slow accumulation of law and respect for the law that had occurred by the seventeenth century, and second, with the emergence of a strong English state and sense of national identity by the end of the Tudor period. This suggests that normative factors are very important in creating stable settlements. Rational choice explanations for such outcomes assert that stalemated conflicts will lead parties to accept second- or third-best outcomes, but English history, as well as more recent experiences, suggests that stability requires normative change as well.

Representations of Wales and the Welsh during the civil wars and Interregnum

2004 ◽  
Vol 77 (197) ◽  
pp. 358-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
The State ◽  
The Public ◽  
Charles I ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
High Politics

Abstract This article examines how Wales and the Welsh were represented in the pamphlet literature of the civil war and early Interregnum. It considers the historical construction of the Welsh image in English minds, and traces how this image came to be politicized by Welsh support for Charles I during the sixteen-forties. An examination of the public controversies surrounding the state-sponsored evangelization programme in Wales during the early sixteen-fifties shows how the contested image of Wales in the public sphere interacted with high politics at the centre. This study contributes to our understanding of the interplay between ethnicity, identity and politics during the sixteen-forties and fifties, and demonstrates how imagery and representation informed political discourse in the mid seventeenth century.

Civil Wars

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stathis N. Kalyvas ◽  
Paul D. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
World War ◽  
Intrastate War ◽  
Economic Collapse ◽  
Rate Of Emergence ◽  
The One

A civil war, also known as intrastate war, is a war between organized groups within the same state or country. It is a high-intensity conflict that often involves regular armed forces. One of the reasons for the lack of consensus in the study of civil war is disagreement over what exactly civil war means. Theoretically, civil war overlaps with other categories of armed conflict, particularly revolution, political violence, ethnic conflict, and terrorism. Civil wars since the end of World War II have lasted for over four years on average, a considerable rise from the one-and-a-half-year average of the 1900–1944 period. While the rate of emergence of new civil wars has been relatively steady since the mid-19th century, the increasing length of those wars has resulted in increasing numbers of wars ongoing at any one time. Since 1945, civil wars have resulted in the deaths of over 25 million people, as well as the forced displacement of millions more, along with economic collapse. According to scholars of civil war research, the causes of civil war include economic motivations or greed, and political or social grievances. Greed-based explanations focus on individuals’ desire to maximize their profits, while grievance-based explanations center on conflict as a response to socioeconomic or political injustice. A third concept, opportunity-based explanations, talks about factors that make it easier to engage in violent mobilization.

The Fruits of the Reformation

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-144
Author(s):  
Kathleen Wellman
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
New World ◽  
English Civil War ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Glorious Revolution ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Glorious Revolution

The Reformation inaugurated great accomplishments. The Scientific Revolution depended on the biblical understanding of nature by Protestant scientists, and Protestantism led to the great arts of the age. These curricula discuss possible and actual New World explorers, all motivated by their desire to spread Protestantism. The textbooks argue that the Reformation brought not only religious but also political liberty. They cannot easily incorporate the period of the English Civil War into their tale of English post-Reformation virtue. Since the Reformation neither had political ramifications nor sanctioned political revolt, the English Civil War cannot be a political revolution; it is thus construed as a religious quest or a minor Parliamentary dispute. These curricula cannot recognize French power and influence during the seventeenth century. Instead, French economic policies, Catholicism, and immorality foretell the coming demise of the French Revolution. England, in contrast, was inexorably moving toward the Glorious Revolution.

Gerard’s Herball and the treatment of war-wounds and contagion during the English Civil War

2018 ◽  
pp. 113-134
Author(s):  
Richard Jones
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
English Civil War ◽  
War Wounds ◽  
Siege Warfare

Published in 1597, the Herball of John Gerard was instantly recognised as an essential medical treatise. It was substantially revised and extended in a new edition published in 1633. As the most extensive and up-to-date statement on matters medical, there can be no doubt that Gerard’s Herball must have been a go-to manual during the civil wars. Yet the role it played in the treatment of the soldiery and general populace has yet to be told. This chapter analyses a surviving copy of the Herball, and its seventeenth-century ownership and usage by the royalist family, the Coopers of Thurgarton. An analysis of the numerous annotations it includes and the conditions they identify, argues that this artefact was used to inform treatments for those suffering ailments commonly associated with seventeenth-century siege warfare, and in this instance, the sieges of Newark in particular.

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