Gendered Expressions of Labor in the Middle East

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 570-573
Author(s):  
Malek Abisaab
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Oral History ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Work Patterns ◽  
Labor Activists ◽  
History Of

A dearth of information is available on workingwomen in the Middle East during the 19th and first half of the 20th century. This gap is compounded by the male biases of the official reporters, journalists, unionists, labor activists, and scholars who produced the information that does exist. Nevertheless, it is possible to write a gendered history of labor on the basis of less-than-ideal sources, which can be enriched by the use of oral history, popular literature, autobiographies, and even fieldwork focused on women's and men's family relations and work patterns.

MOHAMMAD GHOLI MAJD, Resistance to the Shah: Landowners and the Ulama in Iran (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000). Pp. 426. $49.95 cloth.

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-156
Author(s):  
Afshin Marashi
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Agrarian Sector ◽  
Look Back ◽  
History Of

If the history of the Middle East in the 20th century is a history of fundamental social changes and dislocations, then surely one important part of that story is the transformation that took place in the agrarian sector of many Middle Eastern societies. The politics of landownership and the projects of land reform in the 20th century were indeed among the most ambitious of the statist projects undertaken during what we can now look back on as the “age of modernization.” Like so many large-scale projects of social engineering, land reform in the Middle East captured the optimism and idealism of modernization while producing some of its most brutal and unforeseen consequences.

scholarly journals Descendants of Celia and Robert Newsom Speak

Genealogy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Traci Wilson-Kleekamp
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Family History ◽  
Oral History ◽  
African American Woman ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
American Woman ◽  
Black Feminist Thought ◽  
Black Feminist ◽  
Black And White ◽  
History Of

This paper deploys narrative inquiry and analysis to capture the oral history of two families’ intergenerational memory of an African American woman named Celia who was hanged in 1855 for killing her owner Robert Newsom. It is the first scholarly investigation into the intergenerational memory of both black and white descendants of Robert Newsom, and the first to be conducted utilizing the theory of critical family history. Through the paradigm of Black Feminist Thought, the paper analyzes the power imbalances embedded in the narrative about family relations, especially those that conjure race, gender roles and class produced through oral history.

Leading with a Fist: A History of the Salafi Beard in the 20th-Century Middle East

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 83-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Rock-Singer
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
Facial Hair ◽  
Daily Newspapers ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
Visual Markers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Interpretative Approach

Abstract Salafism is a global religious movement whose male participants often distinguish themselves from their co-religionists by a particular style of facial hair. Historians have focused largely on this movement’s engagement with questions of theology and politics, while anthropologists have assumed that Salafi practice reflects a longer Islamic tradition. In this article, I move beyond both approaches by tracing the gradual formation of a distinctly Salafi beard in the 20th century Middle East. Drawing on Salafi scholarly compendia, leading journals, popular pamphlets, and daily newspapers produced primarily in Egypt and Saudi Arabia, I argue that Salafi elites revived a longer Islamic legal tradition in order to distinguish their flock from secular nationalist projects of communal identity and Islamic activists alike. In doing so, I cast light on Salafism’s interpretative approach, the dynamics that define its development as a social movement, and the broader significance of visual markers in modern projects of Islamic piety.

scholarly journals Brave new world an update on COVID-19 pandemic – A review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gadó ◽  
Gy. Domján ◽  
Z.Z. Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
New World ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brave New World

AbstractEpidemics and pandemics have happened throughout the history of mankind. Before the end of the 20th century, scientific progress successfully eradicated several of the pathogens. While no one has to be afraid of smallpox anymore, there are some new pathogens that have never caused human disease before. Coronaviruses are a family of enveloped RNA viruses. In the 21st century, three of them have caused serious pandemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2002 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in 2012. In 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has destroyed hundreds of thousands of lives and continues to rage.

The Sultan's Communists

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alma Rachel Heckman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Arab World ◽  
The United States ◽  
Authoritarian Rule ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War

Structured around the stories of five prominent Moroccan Jewish Communists (Léon René Sultan, Edmond Amran El Maleh, Abraham Serfaty, Simon Lévy, and Sion Asssidon), The Sultan’s Communists examines how Moroccan Jews envisioned themselves participating as citizens in a newly independent Morocco. It also explores how Communism facilitated the participation of Moroccan Jews in Morocco’s national liberation struggle with roots in the mass upheavals of the interwar and WWII periods. Alma Heckman describes how Moroccan Communist Jews fit within the story of mass Jewish exodus from Morocco in the 1950s and ’60s, and how Communist Jews survived oppressive post-independence authoritarian rule under the Moroccan monarchy. These stories unfold in a country that, upon independence from France and Spain in 1956, allied itself with the United States (and, more quietly, Israel) during the Cold War all while attempting to claim a place for itself within the fraught politics of the post-independence Arab world. Heckman’s manuscript contributes to the growing literature on Jews in the modern Middle East, filling in the gaps on the Jewish history of 20th-century Morocco as no other previous book has done.

Cultivating trust, producing knowledge: The management of archaeological labour and the making of a discipline

2021 ◽  
pp. 095269512110158
Author(s):  
Allison Mickel ◽  
Nylah Byrd
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
History Of Archaeology ◽  
Production Of Knowledge ◽  
Epistemic Trust ◽  
History Of

Like any science, archaeology relies on trust between actors involved in the production of knowledge. In the early history of archaeology, this epistemic trust was complicated by histories of Orientalism in the Middle East and colonialism more broadly. The racial and power dynamics underpinning 19th- and early 20th-century archaeology precluded the possibility of interpersonal moral trust between foreign archaeologists and locally hired labourers. In light of this, archaeologists created systems of reward, punishment, and surveillance to ensure the honest behaviour of site workers. They thus invented a set of structural conditions that produced sufficient epistemic trust for archaeological research to proceed—a system that continues to shape archaeology to the present day.

NOTE ABOUT THE TERM EFFENDIYYA IN THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE EAST

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Eppel
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The term effendiyya (singular: effendi) appears in many articles and books on the social and political history of the Middle East between the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. Many authors have made use of this term, but very few have paused to discuss its meaning. At least one important scholar, however, raised doubts about its usefulness.

scholarly journals The BCG disaster, Lübeck, 1930: An Oral History Project of the ‘Calmette Children’ and their Survivorship

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Lohse
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Adult Survivors ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Additional Food ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Medical Progress ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Muscle Invasive

Objectives Today Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) is the most common agent used in the intravesical treatment of non- muscle invasive (NMIBC) bladder cancer but originally was used as a vaccine against the widespread scourge of tuberculosis. The public acceptance of this vaccination was, at least in Germany, delayed by an infamous 1930 medical event in which 251 infants were accidentally inoculated with a batch of BCG vaccine contaminated with live mycobacterial cultures. The accident itself was comprehensively investigated but those affected were forgotten. For this oral history project, adult survivors of the 1930 BCG disaster were interviewed in order to document their biographical outcomes and personal perspectives. Methods We conducted personal, recorded interviews with identified survivors of the 1930 BCG accident and relatives. We analyzed contemporary news articles and accounts and secondary sources from German medical and popular literature. Results Of the survivors, a total of 8 patients and 8 family members of patients were interviewed. In addition, two interviews were also conducted with relatives of the presiding judge from the 1931/2 trial and of an involved physician. The 18 biographies make up the dataset for this study. Interviewed survivors, the so called ‘Calmette Kinder’ (Ger.”Kinder”: Children), recounted years of illness and chronic health impairments. The supportive measures taken after the accident by the town of Lübeck were extensive and ranged from medical care and health promoting measures such as additional food for the vaccinated infants to the establishment of an arbitration court for the compensation of the ‘Calmette Kinder’. Conclusions The Lübeck Disaster was a landmark event in the history of biomedical safety, ethics and informed consent. The decades-long consequences of a failed vaccination effort for infants still urges a cautious, measured approach to medical progress today. Lessons learned were critical for the establishment of the modern approach to public vaccination efforts so well-illustrated in the fight against CoVid 19 and other microbiological threats.

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