Cultivating trust, producing knowledge: The management of archaeological labour and the making of a discipline

2021 ◽  
pp. 095269512110158
Author(s):  
Allison Mickel ◽  
Nylah Byrd
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
History Of Archaeology ◽  
Production Of Knowledge ◽  
Epistemic Trust ◽  
History Of

Like any science, archaeology relies on trust between actors involved in the production of knowledge. In the early history of archaeology, this epistemic trust was complicated by histories of Orientalism in the Middle East and colonialism more broadly. The racial and power dynamics underpinning 19th- and early 20th-century archaeology precluded the possibility of interpersonal moral trust between foreign archaeologists and locally hired labourers. In light of this, archaeologists created systems of reward, punishment, and surveillance to ensure the honest behaviour of site workers. They thus invented a set of structural conditions that produced sufficient epistemic trust for archaeological research to proceed—a system that continues to shape archaeology to the present day.

scholarly journals Kerajaan Loloda: Melacak Jejak Arkeologi dan Sejarah

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Wuri Handoko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Historical Text ◽  
History Of

A few historical source mention the Kingdom of Loloda as one of the great kingdoms of North Maluku, contemporaneous with the four Islamic kingdoms that developed into sultanates, namely Ternate, Tidore, Bacan and Jailolo. However, compared to these powers, the development of Islamic rule in Loloda is not well known through historical sources, and the kingdom is even said to have collapsed in the early 20th century. In this article I discuss the results of research to trace archaeological evidence about the history of the Kingdom of Loloda. Starting with literary sources, I then describe the results of archaeological surveys in the area mentioned in historical text and public information. Archaeological surveys indicate that the center of the Loloda kingdom was located in the Loloda watershed in Loloda Sub-district, Halmahera Barat District. Archaeological research results suggest the Kingdom of Loloda grew from the 15th century and experienced collapse at the time of European colonialism.Kerajaan Loloda dalam teks sumber sejarah yang terbatas, disebut-sebut sebagai salah satu kerajaan besar di Maluku Utara, sezaman dengan empat aliansi kerajaan Islam yang berkembang menjadi kesultanan yakni, Ternate, Tidore, Bacan, dan Jailolo. Namun dibanding keempat kekuasaan Islam itu, Loloda tidak diketahui perkembangannya, bahkan disebut runtuh pada awal abad 20 dan hilang dalam catatan sejarah perkembangan kekuasaan Islam. Penulisan ini berdasar pada hasil penelitian untuk melacak bukti-bukti arkeologi tentang sejarah Kerajaan Loloda. Dimulai dari pengumpulan sumber literatur, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan survei arkeologi di wilayah yang disebut dalam teks sejarah dan informasi masyarakat. Berdasarkan hasil survei arkeologi, diketahui adanya lokasi yang menjadi indikasi pusat kerajaan Loloda di DAS (daerah aliran sungai) Loloda di Kecamatan Loloda Kabupaten Halmahera Barat. Hasil penelitian arkeologi menggambarkan bahwa Kerajaan Loloda  berkembang pada abad 16 dan mengalami keruntuhan sesudahnya ketika kolonialisme bangsa Eropa berkembang di wilayah itu.

scholarly journals Rediscovery of Early Twentieth-Century Ecotheology

Open Theology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Panu Pihkala
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Early History ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Special Position ◽  
Social Christianity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Environmentalism

AbstractIn this article, I examine the early history of Christian environmentalism (“ecotheology”) in the twentieth century. I delineate four strands of early ecotheology: agrarian ecotheology; social Christianity; British contributions; and “post-liberal” foundations for later ecotheological movements. I show that ecotheology was a slowly-rising movement, which had notable proponents. I argue that these early ecotheologians are significant for several reasons. First, these writings support the view that there are momentous roots of environmentalism in the late 19th and early 20th Century. Second, these texts reveal important information about the relation of Christian and other environmentalism. Third, early ecotheologians contributed to discussion about themes which would later form distinctive environmental disciplines, such as environmental aesthetics, education, ethics, history and philosophy. Their thoughts offer interesting reflections pointing to these fields. Fourth, the contributions by the early ecotheologians are not only historically interesting, but they have relevance for the current discussion. These theologians were in a special position to notice the major changes brought by technological development in the twentieth century and they provided important critical reflections about these issues. Because they developed their thought independently, they display creative thinking, although often in an unfinished manner.

scholarly journals EARLY HISTORY OF GEOMETRIC PROBABILITY AND STEREOLOGY

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Hykšová ◽  
Anna Kalousová ◽  
†Ivan Saxl
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Early History ◽  
Geometric Probability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chance Games

The paper provides an account of the history of geometric probability and stereology from the time of Newton to the early 20th century. It depicts the development of two parallel ways: on one hand, the theory of geometric probability was formed with minor attention paid to other applications than those concerning spatial chance games. On the other hand, practical rules of the estimation of area or volume fraction and other characteristics, easily deducible from geometric probability theory, were proposed without the knowledge of this branch. A special attention is paid to the paper of J.-É. Barbier published in 1860, which contained the fundamental stereological formulas, but remained almost unnoticed both by mathematicians and practicians.

scholarly journals الشيخ مختار بن عطارد البوغوري الجاوي ثم المكي (1862 – 1930) والكتب الصونداوية المطبوعة في مكة والقاهرة أوائل القرن العشرين

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-112
Author(s):  
Ginanjar Sya'ban
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Muslim Scholar ◽  
History Of ◽  
Region Approach ◽  
Surprising Fact

This paper examines the history of “Kitab Sunda”, which was written in Sundanese language but with Arabic letter, by Shaikh Mukhtar (1862 – 1930) in Mecca and printed in Cairo and Mecca. While most intellectual works in the Middle East were written in Arabic, there is convincing indication that they were written in non-Arabic language. It is surprising fact that many religious-based works (Islam) were written in Arabic letter, but they used Javanese, Malay and Sundanese. One of important agents of Muslim scholar who purposely used Sundanese language in his work is Shaikh Mukhtar. The writer, born in Bogor (West Java), was a great ulama (Muslim scholar) in Mecca. He was connected with ulama from nusantara and Middle East network in the turn of 19 and 20 century. During the important period, there were some ulama from Sunda who were teaching in Mecca. Some of them wrote books printed in several cities in the Middle East such as Mecca, Cairo and Istanbul. Shaikh Mukhtar is well-known as pioneer of authorship and publicity of Kitab Sunda in Middle East since the early 20th century.  Before this period, religious works of ulama nusantara written in nusantara language and printed in the Middle East, only written in Malay language and Javanese.  In the Middle East, history of authorship of kitab Sunda was initiated by Shaikh Mukhtar. This achievement is important not only to introduce Sundanese language as the intelectual language in the Middle East through his works, but also inspire his disciple to produce intellectual works in their mother tongue. By means of historical and bibliography of region approach, this study traces the role of Suandanese ulama in Middle East in the early 20th century. 

Public Libraries of the Vladimir and Kostroma Provinces' District Towns in the Second Half of the 19th — early 20th Century

2010 ◽  
pp. 98-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey A. Soloviev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Native Population ◽  
History Of

On the history of the first public libraries in the province towns of Vladimirskaya and Kostromskaya provinces in the second half of the 17th century - early 20th century. The author considers main statistical data of libraries and analyses necessity and influence of these libraries and reading rooms on the native population.

ABOUT CUSTOMS BUSINESS IN TURKESTAN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th -EARLY 20th CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Chinpulat Kurbanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Stage Development

The author in this scientific article examines the stage-by-stage development and formation of customs in Turkestan in the second half of the 19th -early 20th centuries. The author studied the history of customs in Turkestan and its role in establishing a single customs line in the future with neighboring khanates. The author focuses on the role of Russia in the establishment of a single customs line and the development of customs in Turkestan

‘... Call the Mute Artifacts to Speech’: New Essays on the History of Archeology

2018 ◽  
pp. 1274-1279
Author(s):  
Elena V. Olimpieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Publication Practices ◽  
Controversial Nature

The article reviews O. A. Shashkova’s ‘... Call the Mute Artifacts to Speech.’ Essays on the History of Archaeography of the 15th - Early 20th Century. Wide array of sources and broad geographical frameworks allow Shashkova to present emergence and development of Russian and European archaeography from the 15th to early 20th century intelligibly enough for educational purposes. A whole chapter is devoted to the manuscript tradition and publishing of sources before Gutenberg. When considering the formation of archaeographical tradition, the author uses comparative method. O. A. Shashkova offers a historical overview and analyzes theoretical and practical issues of archaeography. The reviewer notes the significance of the chosen topic due to a need to reconsider the development of publishing in light of modern views on archaeography and to make it accessible to students and non-professionals. She notes traditional academic approach of O. A. Shashkova to presentation of the development publication practices. The review considers the possibility of using the ‘Essays...’ in studying the history of archaeography and offers possible directions for a broader consideration of historical experience, in particular, of Novikov’s publication projects. The review notes the controversial nature of the author’s approach to systematization of her large historical material in order to consider issues concerning the study of archaeographical practices. It stresses that coverage of issues of development of methods of preparation of publications separately from its historical and practical aspects hinders successful mastering of the material by an untrained reader. It concludes that the publication has high practical value for specialists in archaeography and students.

The Ismaili Tradition in Iran: 13th Century to the Present

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Beben
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
To Receive

The Ismailis are a minority community of Shiʿi Muslims that first emerged in the 8th century. Iran has hosted one of the largest Ismaili communities since the earliest years of the movement and from 1095 to 1841 it served as the home of the Nizārī Ismaili imams. In 1256 the Ismaili headquarters at the fortress of Alamūt in northern Iran was captured by the Mongols and the Imam Rukn al-Dīn Khūrshāh was arrested and executed, opening a perilous new chapter in the history of the Ismailis in Iran. Generations of observers believed that the Ismailis had perished entirely in the course of the Mongol conquests. Beginning in the 19th century, research on the Ismailis began to slowly reveal the myriad ways in which they survived and even flourished in Iran and elsewhere into the post-Mongol era. However, scholarship on the Iranian Ismailis down to the early 20th century remained almost entirely dependent on non-Ismaili sources that were generally quite hostile toward their subject. The discovery of many previously unknown Ismaili texts beginning in the early 20th century offered prospects for a richer and more complete understanding of the tradition’s historical development. Yet despite this, the Ismaili tradition in the post-Mongol era continues to receive only a fraction of the scholarly attention given to earlier periods, and a number of sources produced by Ismaili communities in this period remain unexplored, offering valuable opportunities for future research.

One Hundred Years of Empirical Aesthetics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Nadal ◽  
Esther Ureña
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gestalt Psychology ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Motivational Theory ◽  
Reward Value ◽  
History Of ◽  
Functional Psychology

This article reviews the history of empirical aesthetics since its foundation by Fechner in 1876 to Berlyne’s new empirical aesthetics in the 1970s. The authors explain why and how Fechner founded the field, and how Wundt and Müller’s students continued his work in the early 20th century. In the United States, empirical aesthetics flourished as part of American functional psychology at first, and later as part of behaviorists’ interest in reward value. The heyday of behaviorism was also a golden age for the development of all sorts of tests for artistic and aesthetic aptitudes. The authors end the article by covering the contributions of Gestalt psychology and Berlyne’s motivational theory to empirical aesthetics.

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