Technocrats and the management of international fisheries

1975 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 745-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Political Control ◽  
Cautious Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Natural Scientists ◽  
National Governments ◽  
International Fisheries

The paper examines the role of the world's fishery technocrats and experts in international fisheries management. The system of management provided by the regionally based international fisheries commissions is organized on transgovern-mental and transnational lines. Political delegates to the commissions are usually government technocrats, suggesting that the system is basically transgovernmental. However, the role of scientific advisers to the commissions is studied, since the group may preempt political control through its control on expertise. Results of a questionnaire sent to 900 scientists throughout the world are given, using the data from a structured sample of 84 scientists. Most were found to be trained as natural scientists, and most were employed directly by national governments or through government reseaich institutes. “Elite” scientists in the group, and some executive heads of commissions were also analyzed, and found to have a generally cautious approach to problems of fishery ownership and management. In sum, the transgovernmental system itself was found to allow yet set the limits of transnational role playing by fishery experts.

Holding Intergovernmental Institutions to Account

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngaire Woods
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Political Accountability ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Internal Accountability ◽  
The Right ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Political Decisions

How can governments and peoples better hold to account international economic institutions, such as the WTO, the World Bank, and the IMF? This article proposes an approach based on public accountability, advocating improvements in four areas: constitutional, political, financial, and internal accountability.The argument for more accountability is made with two caveats: more accountability is not always good–it can be distorting and costly; and, enhancing the accountability of international institutions should not justify increasing their jurisdiction for the sake of reducing the role of national governments. Constitutional accountability poses limits on how the institutions expand their activities, requiring the active consent of all members and particularly those most affected by their activities. Political accountability requires that those who make decisions in the organizations are directly answerable to all member governments and not just to the most powerful ones. The institutions' uneven record and structure of financial accountability is addressed through a model of mutual restraint. Finally, the internal accountability should ensure that technical decisions are distinguishable from political decisions. A better matching of the right kinds of accountability to the activities of the organizations would improve both their effectiveness and legitimacy.

scholarly journals Picking the Wrong Fight: Why Attacks on the World Trade Organization Pose the Real Threat to National Environmental and Public Health Protection

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 47-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasdair R. Young
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Market Access ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
The World ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Public Health Protection ◽  
Health Regulations ◽  
Consumer Advocates

A principal reason for popular concern about the World Trade Organisation is that national rules—especially those for environmental and public health pro-tection—may be overturned because they are incompatible with the WTO's rules. This article argues that while these concerns are not totally unfounded, they are exaggerated. A central reason for this exaggeration is that environmental and consumer advocates discount the pivotal role of governments in the dispute resolution process. Governments agree to the multilateral rules in the first place. Governments decide which market access barriers to pursue and how aggressively. Governments determine how to comply with a WTO judgment that goes against them. Furthermore, this article contends that by exaggerating the constraint imposed upon national governments by the WTO, consumer and environmental advocates run the risk of actually discouraging the very environmental and public health regulations they favor.

Market Making: Internationalisation and Global Water Markets

10.1068/a3426 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 791-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Haughton
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Market Making ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Private Sector Engagement

The author examines the rapidly expanding market for private sector management of water systems. He explores the ways in which markets are being constructed, focusing on the role of international bodies—especially multilateral bodies such as the World Bank—in promoting various forms of private sector engagement. Arguing that market making is not politically neutral, he examines how the World Bank sets out to influence national governments in how they run their water-management systems, in the process highlighting alternative visions for community-based systems.

scholarly journals Multiplication of Whole Numbers in the Curriculum: Singapore, Japan, Portugal, the USA, Mexico, Brazil, and Chile

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
Raimundo Olfos ◽  
Masami Isoda ◽  
Soledad Estrella
Keyword(s):  
Lesson Study ◽  
National Curriculum ◽  
National Council ◽  
Curriculum Standards ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Whole Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
National Governments

AbstractThis chapter shows how the teaching of multiplication is structured in national curriculum standards (programs) around the world. (The documents are distributed by national governments via the web. Those documents are written in different formats and depths. For understanding the descriptions of the standards, we also refer to national authorized textbooks for confirmation of meanings.) The countries chosen for comparison in this case are two countries in Asia, one in Europe, two in North America, and two in South America: Singapore, Japan, Portugal, the USA (where the Common Core State Standards (2010) are not national but are agreed on by most of the states), Mexico, Brazil, and Chile, from the viewpoint of their influences on Ibero-American countries. (The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) standards (published in 2000) and the Japanese and Singapore textbooks have been influential in Latin America. Additionally, Portugal was selected to be compared with Brazil). To distinguish between each country’s standard and the general standards described here, the national curriculum standards are just called the “program.” The comparison shows the differences in the programs for multiplication in these countries in relation to the sequence of the description and the way of explanation. The role of this chapter in Part I of this book is to provide the introductory questions that will be discussed in Chaps. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 to explain the features of the Japanese approach. (As is discussed in Chap. 1, the Japanese approach includes the Japanese curriculum, textbooks, and methods of teaching which can be used for designing classes, as has been explored in Chile (see (Estrella, Mena, Olfos, Lesson Study in Chile: a very promising but still uncertain path. In Quaresma, Winsløw, Clivaz, da Ponte, Ní Shúilleabháin, Takahashi (eds), Mathematics lesson study around the world: Theoretical and methodological issues. Cham: Springer, pp. 105–122, 2018). The comparison focuses on multiplication of whole numbers. In multiplication, all of these countries seem to have similar goals—namely, for their students to grasp the meaning of multiplication and develop fluency in calculation. However, are they the same? By using the newest editions of each country’s curriculum standards, comparisons are done on the basis of the manner of writing, with assigned grades for the range of numbers, meanings, expression, tables, and multidigit multiplication. The relationship with other specific content such as division, the use of calculators, the treatment of multiples, and mixed arithmetic operations are beyond the scope of this comparison. Those are mentioned only if there is a need to show diversity.

Role of People in the Future Global Order

1978 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chadwick F. Alger
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Third World ◽  
Global Order ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Creation ◽  
National Governments

Proposals for change in the present international order, particularly in the context of the increasing desire for self-reliance and fulfillment of needs in Third World communities, require creative thought about the role of people in the future global order. Perception of the world as a system of nation-states and traditional nonparticipation of the public in foreign-policy making by national governments inhibits the creation of a future in which people can fulfill their needs in self-reliant communities. Evidence suggests that lack of confidence in their national governments is inhibiting people in industrialized countries from responding to the needs of Third World people. At the same time, it is doubtful that Third World governments can satisfy the needs of people without wider participation of the people in governmental foreign-policy making. The future needs of people in both Third World and industrialized communities will only be served by the creation of symmetrical and responsive relationships between local communities in all parts of the world.

Role-playing and identity affirmation in international politics: Britain's reinvasion of the Falklands, 1982

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1599-1621 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID M. McCOURT
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Ir Theory ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
The World ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Complete Interpretation

AbstractDid Britain reinvade the Falklands because of its ‘identity’? Or was reinvasion instead required by its ‘role’ in international politics? In this article I show that a complete constructivist explanation of Britain's response must consider both its identity affirmation, which constructivist International Relations (IR) theory would certainly draw attention to, but also the role it played on the world stage at the beginning of the 1980s, which would very likely be overlooked. I show that a solely identity-based explanation is incomplete and ultimately unpersuasive since identities are affirmed by playing social roles, which give identity meaning. In 1982, a number of roles could have fulfilled this function for Britain; it is important then that Britain chose and was able to play the role of astatus quooriented power rather than that of a colonial power. Beyond offering a more complete interpretation of the events, the article clarifies the links between roles, identity, and action in international politics, and the type of theory appropriate to such analysis.

scholarly journals Szerepjáték, álnévhasználat és irodalmi fikció

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krisztián Benyovszky
Keyword(s):  
Role Playing ◽  
Literary Fiction ◽  
Main Character ◽  
The Real ◽  
Metaphorical Meaning ◽  
Role Playing Games ◽  
Crime Novel ◽  
The World ◽  
Agatha Christie

Role-playing games, the use of pseudonyms and literary fiction The paper contains the onomastic analysis of the comedy crime novel Zločin Hercula Poirona (The Crime of Hercule Poiron) by Eva Bešťáková, which was published in 2016. The focus is on the connection between role-playing games and the motivations behind the use of pseudonyms. The story of the Czech writer foregrounds a main character who one day decides to play the role of Hercule Poirot. His name (Hercule Poiron) and his features are similar to those of the world-famous Belgian detective. He manages to persuade many people that he is the real Poirot, however, he is well behind in character and skills. As a result, his game eventually fails. The story of Poirot has a metaphorical meaning. The conclusion of the study is that the behaviour of the characters in literary apocrypha is characteristically theatrical: similarly to actors, the characters use pseudo-nyms temporarily, while they step into the shoes of another person. This means that detective figures in Poirot stories not written by Agatha Christie must be considered figures who play the role of the real Poirot.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document