scholarly journals The Nation and Its Deserters: Conscription in Mehmed Ali's Egypt

1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Fahmy
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
State Building ◽  
European History ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The Past ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Public Lecture ◽  
Modern Nation State

“Could a Nation, in any true sense of the word, really be born without war?” Such was the question raised by Michael Howard, the eminent Oxford military historian in a public lecture delivered on the topic of “War and the Nation State”. Looking generally at European history in the past two centuries he argued that war was indeed central for the appearance of the modern nation-state and that modern armies are somehow intimately linked to the rise of nationalism. During the first half of the nineteenth century this argument could very well be applied to Egypt. Having been incorporated in the Ottoman Empire for more than two and a half centuries, Egypt, by the beginning the nineteenth century and mostly through an unprecedented war effort that was concurrent and often synonymous with state-building, had come to play an increasingly independent role on the international plane.

scholarly journals ايزيديو شنكال والأرمن 1914-1918 دراسة في موقف الايزيديين من المذابح الأرمنية

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Khudeda Alo
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Nation State ◽  
World War ◽  
World War One ◽  
Military Campaign

ملخص البحث:يعتبر الأرمن من احد الجماعات العرقية المميزة التي عاشت في الدولة العثمانية، قاموا بتاسيس جمعيات سياسية في القرن التاسع عشر تلك الجمعيات التي سعت الى تأسيس دولة قومية للارمن بمساعدة الغرب كان ذلك من الاساب الرئيسة الى تعرضهم الى الإبادة الجماعية من قبل الدولة العثمانية. وخلال سنوات الحرب العالمية الأولى توجه الاتراك الى اتباع سياسة قومية وذلك نتيجة لتطورات الحرب فكانت النتيجة تهجير الأرمن من مناطقهم وقيام الاتراك بمذابح منظمة ضدهم، لكن هناك مجموعات تمكنت من النجاة من تلك المذابح والتوجه الى العراق وخاصة الى سنجارحيث قام أهلها من الايزيدييين باستقبال الأرمن ومساعدتهم في محنتهم وبناء البيوت ،من الطين، لهم وإيجاد العمل لهم آنذاك لكي يستطيعوا من استمرار حياتهم. لكن موقف الايزيديين هذا مع الأرمن دفع بالاتراك الى القيام بتوجيه حملة عسكرية الى سنجار أدت الى قتل الكثير من الأهالي ونهبت ودمرت قراهم وتركت اثار سلبية على المنطقة. The Yezidis from Sinjar and the Armenians. 1914-1918A study in the Yezidi position with regards to the Armenian Genocide.The Armenians are reputed to be one of the most distinguished ethnic groups which lived during the rule of the Ottoman Empire.During the nineteenth century they established political societies whose raison d' etre was to pursue the founding of a nation-state for Armenia, backed by Western aid and support.Their political endeavours were one of the main reasons for their genocide under the Ottoman Empire. During World War one, the Turks pursued their own national policy, resulting in the displacement of the Armenians from their territories and targeted massacres against them. There were those who succeeded in escaping theTurkish massacres and fled to Iraq, most particularly the area of Sinjar. The Yezidis from Sinjar welcomed the Armenians and aided them in their process of resettlement, building of mud houses and finding employment. The aid extended by the Yezidi community of Sinjar to the Armenian displaced, caused the Turks to launch a military campaign against Sinjar, looting and destroying villages and murdering many that wreaked havoc upon the region.

Galatasaray Exhibitions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Fine Art ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Cultural Event ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Turkey ◽  
The Great War ◽  
Modern Nation State

Held in Istanbul between 1916 and 1951, the Galatasaray Exhibitions were the first annual exhibitions of art established in the Ottoman Empire, remaining an important cultural event during the single-party era of the Republic of Turkey, founded in 1923. During the Great War in Europe, when the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers and the citizens of Entente nations left, many vacated spaces in Istanbul opened to new uses. One of these was the Italian Societa Operaia, which became the dormitory for the nearby Lycée de Galatasaray. Beginning in 1916, the main hall of this dormitory was leased every summer for an annual exhibit, which came to be known as the Galatasaray Exhibitions. Works shown at the inaugural exhibit were naturalist paintings, reflecting no awareness of contemporary modernist movements—a situation that later changed with the development of the modern nation-state of Turkey. The exhibit was juried but open to all artists, and visitors were charged admission. Several works at the 1916 exhibit received prizes from the Ministry of Education and were subsequently purchased as part of the Collection of Decorated Panels, established under the auspices of the Imperial Academy of Fine Art, which included copies of many famous European paintings.

The Romantic Construction of Greece

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderick Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Lord Byron ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Aesthetic Movement ◽  
Language Reform ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Modern Nation State ◽  
Public Architecture

Greece as a modern nation-state is itself a product of European Romanticism. Once revolution broke out in 1821, the conflict was successfully internationalized by mobilizing European ‘romantic’ ideas about ancient Greece, in the service of ‘reviving’ a long-suppressed but latent nation—ideas espoused in different ways by the leading English Romantic poets of the time, P. B. Shelley and Lord Byron. Romanticism as a literary and aesthetic movement first makes its appearance in Greek in the 1820s. Its impact is observed in poetry, fiction, public architecture, and language reform. In the mid-nineteenth century historicism arrives in Greece. The projection of thecontemporaryGreek nation back through three thousand years of history is an essentially Romantic endeavour. In literature, the effects of Romanticism are slow to fade. In the poetry of Kostis Palamas (1859–1943) the uneasy synthesis of the different phases of the Greek past with the present reaches its fullest exploration.

Counting citizens: the transfer and translation of census categories from the international statistical congresses to the principality of Bulgaria (1872–1888)

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-574
Author(s):  
Gayle Lonergan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Body Politic ◽  
Full Membership ◽  
Implicit Representation ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Information ◽  
The Ideal

This paper examines the nineteenth-century census as an early information technology and a medium for the transnational exchange of ideas in the nineteenth century. In particular, it considers how the ideas discussed by the International Statistical Congresses were directly applied in the newly established kingdom of Bulgaria in the first censuses from 1881 to 1888. It then examines how the legacy of Ottoman rule and the categories of the nineteenth-century Ottoman censuses unconsciously influenced the first census of Bulgaria, despite the desire of the new rulers to mark a significant break with the past. It also demonstrates how the nationalist feeling in the multiethnic former territory of the Ottoman Empire influenced the seemingly neutral categories of the first census. These categories then began to produce an implicit representation of the ideal Bulgarian citizen and so started the process of exclusion of the Turkish-speaking or Muslim population from full membership of the new body politic.

The Aesthetics and Politics of Colonial Collecting: India at World Fairs

1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Breckenridge
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Aesthetics And Politics ◽  
World Fairs ◽  
International Exhibitions ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Nation State

In the second half of the nineteenth century, objects from India were repeatedly assembled for display at international exhibitions, known then and now as world fairs. Their transience and ephemerality set world fairs apart as extraordinary phenomena in the world of collecting. They are special because, despite the permanence they imply, they do not last; they come and they go. Their buildings are constructed, and then, by international charter, they are deconstructed. They are also special because they place objects in the service of commerce and in the service of the modern nation—state, with the inevitable imperial encounters that these two forces promote. In doing so, they yoke cultural material with aesthetics, politics and pragmatics.

scholarly journals Introduction: Thinking Beyond Europe’s Cultural Borders

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-364
Author(s):  
Mats Andrèn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Construction ◽  
European History ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Nation State ◽  
European Nation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Modern European History

Cultural borders play a significant part in modern European history as well as in the present. This Focus has been chosen in order to enhance reflections on the transcendence of cultural borders; how the crossing is conducted, why we want to move beyond cultural borders, and what actually lies beyond them. The individual articles investigate ways to transcend borders, primarily those of the European nation state, in different genres from the nineteenth century onward. This editorial article introduces the theme of thinking beyond borders and presents the contributions to this Focus. It attempts to situate the issue of Europe´s cultural borders within European history by delving into three relevant themes: the cultural construction of borders, the growing number of recognized nationalities, and the practices of Europeanization.

America’s Blackbeard

2018 ◽  
pp. 25-48
Author(s):  
Sharada Balachandran Orihuela
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
State Building ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Central Character ◽  
Historical Novels ◽  
Property Ownership ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Novela Historica ◽  
State Growth ◽  
American Nation

This chapter examines the ways early nineteenth century authors framed piracy as an instrument of state growth, anti-colonial resistance, as well as a rationale for imperial expansion and intervention in the Americas in William Gilmore Simms’s The Yemassee (1835), John Brougham’s 1857 play Columbus, El Filibustero!, James Fenimore Cooper’s The Red Rover: A Tale (1829) and The Water Witch; or, The Skimmer of the Seas (1830), as well as El Filibustero: Novela Historica (1864), written by Yucatec author Eligio Ancona. In a climate of rapid national expansion, nineteenth century authors used the pirate as a central character to plot national(ist) narratives. Given piracy’s relationship to both state-building and anti-colonial enterprises, as well as piracy’s capacity to both facilitate and threaten property ownership, piracy helps us understand the radical and repressive regimes of American power. The historical novels examined in this chapter are interested in the shadowy origins of the American nation-state, as much as they are with the potentially conflicted present and future of these nation-states.

Indonesian Readings of Turkish History, 1890s to 1940s

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Formichi
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Political Islam ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Dichotomous Choice ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Islam And Secularism ◽  
Political Realities ◽  
Modern Nation State

Exploring Indonesian-language newspapers and books produced between 1892 and 1949, this chapter identifies how localised visions and impressions of the last period of the Ottoman Empire resonated with the Indies’ own socio-political realities, with a focus on pre-independence political debates (1926–50). Through an analysis of the Indies’ readers’ profane fascination with the sultan's lifestyle and the empire's military successes, and their admiration for Mustafa Kemal's reforms, which shaped Turkey as a secular, industrialised, independent and ultimately ‘modern’ nation-state, the chapter discusses how the multi-layered phenomenon of ‘modernity’ became, in the context of pre-independence Indonesia, reduced to a dichotomous choice between political Islam and secularism. Soekarno, Natsir, Soetomo and other intellectuals representative of the anti-colonial front framed the debate on progress, or kemadjoean, as much in social and economic terms as in matters Islamic.

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