scholarly journals In vitro digestibility response of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) to growth and defoliation: a simple model

1999 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. DURU ◽  
E. FEUILLERAC ◽  
H. DUCROCQ
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Defoliation Treatment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Defoliation Frequency ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Leaf Insertion ◽  
Over Time

Herbage digestibility, which to a large extent governs the animal's intake, is not easily predicted for grazing animals, and can vary due to different grazing managements. The objective of this study was to build a model for a range of defoliation managements, which takes account of vegetative grass tiller structure, rather than dates of cutting or grazing, as done usually. An experiment was conducted in 1997, near Toulouse, to examine the digestibility of cocksfoot whole lamina and lamina segments (15 cm) for three defoliation regimes. These regimes mimicked severe and lenient intermittent defoliations plus a frequent defoliation treatment over a six-week period. Data were collected for (i) lamina mass and digestibility for the youngest expanded lamina, (ii) lamina appearance rate, lamina and sheath lengths.Laminae digestibility, measured over time, varied greatly with the defoliation regime both for the youngest full expanded lamina and all laminae on a tiller. Digestibility of the youngest fully expanded lamina decreased from one leaf insertion level to the next, but this decrease was lowest when the defoliation regime was frequent. There was also a consistent decrease in the digestibility of a lamina from its tip to its base. Sheath and lamina lengths varied with treatment in a different way to lamina digestibility. During frequent defoliation, sheath and lamina lengths both increased slightly while they showed substantial increases in the two other treatments. Lamina length increased from one insertion level to the next, and resulted in the addition of less digestible lamina segments rather than reducing overall lamina digestibility. Sheath length, through its influence on leaf appearance rate and lamina length, could be used to predict the digestibility of laminae over time according to leaf insertion level and the difference in the digestibility observed from the tip to the base of a particular lamina. Sheath length could therefore provide a basis for predicting the time course of grass digestibility for different combinations of defoliation frequency and height.

VARIABILITY OF IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY AMONG CLONES OF BROMEGRASS AND ORCHARDGRASS

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Christie ◽  
D. N. Mowat
Keyword(s):  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Bromus Inermis ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Genotypic Effects

Individual clones of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were harvested at corresponding stages of maturity within each species. The orchardgrass clones were harvested in 1962, and the in vitro digestibility (IVD) was based on the whole plant. Bromegrass clones, harvested in 1965 and 1966, were separated into leaves and stems. The IVD of each component was determined, and from these, the IVD for the whole plant was estimated.Among 444 orchardgrass clones, IVD values ranged from 49 to 68%. Most of the variation was attributed to genotypic effects. For approximately 250 clones of bromegrass, IVD values ranged from 66 to 75%, 58 to 73%, and 62 to 74%, for leaves, stems, and whole plants respectively. Over the 2-year period, differences among stems and whole plants were significant. Correlations between leaf and stem digestibilities were significant but of low magnitude. Ten clones of bromegrass had stems and leaves of equal digestibility.In bromegrass, IVD values showed no relationship to several phenotypic characteristics.

scholarly journals PSXII-7 In vitro ruminal and total tract digestibility of diets containing high inclusions of wet distillers grains for feedlot sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 416-417
Author(s):  
Marco Túlio C Almeida ◽  
João Pedro A Bertoco ◽  
Maria Carolina G Arruda ◽  
Sérgio A G Pereira-Junior ◽  
Antonio A Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Wet Distillers Grains ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Male Sheep

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effects of increasing inclusion of wet distillers grains (WDG) on in vitro ruminal and total tract digestibility in feedlot sheep. Three crossbred ruminally-cannulated male sheep were used as rumen liquid donor. Treatments consisted of isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, containing 0, 15, 30 or 45% WDG on DM basis (Control, 15WDG, 30WDG, and 45WDG, respectively). Diets were composed of sugarcane bagasse (20%) and the concentrate (80%) composed of soybean meal (except 45WDG), wheat meal, WDG (except Control), urea, limestone, and mineral-vitamin premix. In vitro digestibility of DM (IVDMD), NDF (IVNDFD), and CP (IVCPD) were performed using the Ankom-DaisyII fermenter. Ruminal digestibility was evaluated after 48h incubation (39°C) using twenty-five filter bags. After 48h, twelve filter bags remained into each jar to evaluate the total tract digestibility. For it, 40mL of 6N HCl and 8g of pepsin were added and incubated for another 24h. The post-ruminal digestibility was calculated by the difference between rumen and total tract digestibility. Data were analyzed using SAS software. Contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of WDG inclusions, as well as the contrast Control × WDG treatments. The WDG inclusion linearly decreased the ruminal and total DM and CP digestibility and increased the post-rumen CP digestibility (P < 0.05). When all treatments with WDG were evaluated against the Control, a significant effect was observed for IVDMD, with averages of 68.86 × 77.38%, 5.60 × 0.77% and 71.41 × 78.20%, and for IVCPD, with averages of 68.89 × 95.27%, 21.30 × 1.99% and 90.15 × 97.27%, respectively for rumen, post-rumen and total tract digestibility (P < 0.05). The results indicate that inclusions of WDG at up to 45% in the diets for sheep reduce the ruminal and total DM utilization, however, promote a better post-rumen use of CP of diets.

PERFORMANCE OF HYBRIDS IN ORCHARD GRASS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. CHRISTIE
Keyword(s):  
Forage Yield ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Hybrid Superiority ◽  
Single Cross ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L ◽  
Single Cross Hybrids

Single-cross hybrids of orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were evaluated for yield, in vitro digestibility (IVD), and relative maturity in three trials. All trials were planted broadcast, using seed produced on male-sterile clones. All trials were harvested for 2 yr. The average yield of the 48 hybrids tested was 98% of that for the cultivar Frode in the first cut each year, and 103% over the season. The most productive hybrid produced 28% more forage than Frode in the first cut, and 15% more over the season. For IVD, there was no evidence of hybrid superiority. The results indicate that the use of hybrids can result in an increase in forage yield.

Localization and quantitative analysis of Cx43 in porcine oocytes during in vitro maturation

Zygote ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seunghoon Lee ◽  
Yuuki Hiradate ◽  
Yumi Hoshino ◽  
Yeoung-gyu Ko ◽  
Kentaro Tanemura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Western Blotting ◽  
In Vitro Maturation ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Junction Protein ◽  
Porcine Oocyte ◽  
Gap Junction Protein ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

SummaryMany studies of the main gap junction protein, Cx43, have been conducted in porcine oocyte research, but they have been limited to investigations of cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs). In this study, we verified Cx43 not in COCs, but in porcine oocytes during maturation, and conducted a quantitative time course analysis. The location and dynamics of Cx43 were examined by immunocytochemistry and western blotting, respectively. COCs were cultured in NCSU23 medium and processed for immunocytochemistry and western blotting at 0, 14, 28, and 42 h after denuding. A Cx43 signal was detected on oolemmas, transzonal projections and the surface of zona pellucidae. Western blotting showed that Cx43 band density increased from 0 to 14 h, and gradually decreased thereafter. Our results clarified that Cx43 is localized in the ooplasmic membrane through zona pellucidae and its level changes over time during culture in porcine oocytes.

scholarly journals Liposome-Encapsulated Bacteriophages for Enhanced Oral Phage Therapy against Salmonella spp.

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (14) ◽  
pp. 4841-4849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Colom ◽  
Mary Cano-Sarabia ◽  
Jennifer Otero ◽  
Pilar Cortés ◽  
Daniel Maspoch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Positive Charge ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Simulated Gastric Fluid ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTBacteriophages UAB_Phi20, UAB_Phi78, and UAB_Phi87 were encapsulated in liposomes, and their efficacy in reducingSalmonellain poultry was then studied. The encapsulated phages had a mean diameter of 309 to 326 nm and a positive charge between +31.6 and +35.1 mV (pH 6.1). In simulated gastric fluid (pH 2.8), the titer of nonencapsulated phages decreased by 5.7 to 7.8 log units, whereas encapsulated phages were significantly more stable, with losses of 3.7 to 5.4 log units. The liposome coating also improved the retention of bacteriophages in the chicken intestinal tract. When cocktails of the encapsulated and nonencapsulated phages were administered to broilers, after 72 h the encapsulated phages were detected in 38.1% of the animals, whereas the nonencapsulated phages were present in only 9.5%. The difference was significant. In addition, in anin vitroexperiment, the cecal contents of broilers promoted the release of the phages from the liposomes. In broilers experimentally infected withSalmonella, the daily administration of the two cocktails for 6 days postinfection conferred similar levels of protection againstSalmonellacolonization. However, once treatment was stopped, protection by the nonencapsulated phages disappeared, whereas that provided by the encapsulated phages persisted for at least 1 week, showing the enhanced efficacy of the encapsulated phages in protecting poultry againstSalmonellaover time. The methodology described here allows the liposome encapsulation of phages of different morphologies. The preparations can be stored for at least 3 months at 4°C and could be added to the drinking water and feed of animals.

scholarly journals 28 Defining Grazing Recommendations for Alfalfa-Bermudagrass Mixtures in the Southeastern U.S

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 25-26
Author(s):  
Kaylyn Groce ◽  
Jennifer J Tucker ◽  
Katie Mason ◽  
Landon Marks ◽  
Mary K Mullenix
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Harvest Frequency ◽  
Management Recommendations ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Recently there has been growing interest in interseeding high-quality legumes, like alfalfa, into existing bermudagrass stands as a step towards improving forage, animal, and ecosystem sustainability in the Southeast. Current work evaluating these mixtures has focused on management and production of stored forages, and limited work has evaluated the use of alfalfa-bermudagrass mixtures under grazing conditions. It is known that both grazing intensity and frequency impact overall alfalfa stand production over time. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of harvest height and frequency on alfalfa interseeded into bermudagrass to develop grazing management recommendations. In 2018 thirty-six alfalfa-bermudagrass plots were established at 4 locations across Alabama and Georgia in a randomized complete block design with four replications at each location. Alfalfa varieties utilized were selected for suitability to location and were either ‘Bulldog 505’ or ‘Bulldog 805’ interseeded into existing hybrid bermudagrass sods. Treatments included combinations of harvest frequency (2, 4, or 6 weeks) and harvest height (5, 10, 15 cm) and plots were evaluated to determine the optimum interval in relation to sward yield, alfalfa persistence, stand density, botanical composition, nutritive value, and change over time. Forage yield was affected by the interaction of location with harvest frequency and height (P < 0.05). At three of the four locations, overall seasonal yield from the 5cm cutting height was greatest, however alfalfa persistence declined in these treatments throughout the season and was less than 10% at the northern locations when 2019 data collection began. Additionally, crude protein (CP) and in-vitro digestibility (IVDMD) declined throughout the season as the alfalfa presence decreased. This study is supported by funding from the USDA-NIFA-Alfalfa Forage Research Program (2017).

scholarly journals Some factors associated with the difference in nutritive value of artificially dried red clover and perennial ryegrass for sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Moseley ◽  
J. R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Difference

1. Three sheep fitted with duodenal re-entrant cannulas and three with large rumen fistulas were given red clover, perennial ryegrass and a 2:1 (w/w) mixture of grass and clover in two Latin square arrangements. Measurements were made of voluntary intake, digestibility, flow of nutrients into the duodenum and the flow of Cr-EDTA marker through the reticulo-rumen.2. Organic matter (OM) digestibility was similar for the three feeds but the voluntary intake decreased in the order mixture > red clover > perennial ryegrass. There was an increase in the rate of marker flow from the rumen and a decrease in retention time of the same order. Rumen volume did not change significantly.3. There was a reduction in the mean particle size of rumen contents in the order perennial ryegrass > clover > mixture. The in vitro digestibility of particles decreased with size; the reduction being more rapid for clover than perennial ryegrass.4. The proportion of ingested digestible OM appearing at the duodenum increased from 18.4% to 26.7% to 30.0% for perennial ryegrass, clover and the mixture respectively.5. A higher proportion of digestible cellulose and hemicellulose disappeared over the stomach for the perennial ryegrass feed compared to the clover and the mixture but over 96% of water soluble carbohydrates and starch disappeared over the stomach for all three feeds.6. The apparent digestibility of nitrogen was similar for all three feeds but the proportion of undigested feed N appearing at the duodenum was calculated to be greater by a factor of 1.71 and 2.52 for clover and mixture feeds compared to grass.7. It was concluded that the higher nutritive value of red clover compared to perennial ryegrass was due to an increased rate of flow of nutrients througth the reticulo-rumen and an increase in the proportion of digestible OM digested post ruminally.

The nutrition of grazing ewes during pregnancy and lactation: a comparison of alkane-based and chromium/in vitro-based estimates of herbage intake

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dove ◽  
M. Freer ◽  
J. Z. Foot
Keyword(s):  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Faecal Output ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
The Difference

The n-alkane and chromium/in vitro procedures for estimating herbage intake were compared in grazing ewes during late pregnancy, early lactation, and mid-lactation. To ensure differences in herbage intake, the ewes were grazed in 4 plots of phalaris-dominant pasture at 2 levels of stocking: 17.1 ewes/ha and 30.8 ewes/ha. To investigate whether either procedure for estimating herbage intake was influenced by supplement consumption, half of the ewes at each stocking level received 500 g/day air-dry of a pelletted supplement (1 : 1 milled oat grain : sunflower meal). Supplement intakes were estimated using tritiated gypsum as a marker. During intake measurement periods, ewes were dosed twice daily with both alkane capsules and capsules containing chromium sesquioxide. For the last 6 days of the 12-day dosing period, rectal faecal samples were taken twice daily, immediately before the dosing. Over these same periods, wether sheep fitted with faecal collection harnesses were similarly dosed and sampled, and their total faecal output collected to establish the faecal recovery of chromium and the alkanes. Herbage intakes were estimated using the C27/C28, C29/C28, C31/C32, and C33/C32 alkane pairs. Estimates of intake based on the shorter alkane pairs were lower than those estimated with the C33/C32 alkane pair, by amounts which differed between the periods. Evidence is presented that estimates based on the last pair of alkanes (C33/C32) are the most accurate and are also more accurate than those based on the chromium/in vitro procedure. The relationship between these 2 methods for estimating intake was different in mid-pregnancy compared with either stage of lactation. The consumption of supplement did not interfere with any of the methods for estimating herbage intake. Estimates of faecal output based on the use of chromium, C28 alkane, or C32 as an external marker were statistically identical, indicating that the difference between the 2 methods for estimating herbage intake was not related to a failure to accommodate the incomplete recovery of any of the markers used or to the failure of rectal grab samples to be representative of total faeces. Our results indicate that herbage collected by oesophageally fistulated (OF) sheep was representative of that grazed by the ewes and could thus be used to provide the herbage alkane data needed to estimate herbage intake by the alkane method. However, the in vitro digestibility values obtained from the OF samples did not represent the digestibilities actually occurring in vivo. This was the main cause of the observed difference between the 2 methods for estimating intake. Possible reasons for the differences between the in vitro and in vivo estimates of digestibility are discussed.

scholarly journals Availability to pigs of amino acids in cereal grains

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Canonical Correlation ◽  
In Vitro Assay ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids ◽  
Available Lysine ◽  
The Difference

1. Availability values for amino acids in nine cereal grains determined by faecal analyses with pigs and by the Silcock available lysine test (Roach et al. 1967) and an in vitro digestibility assay were compared with ileal availability values for the same grains determined with pigs by Taverner et al. (1981b).2. There was a significant canonical correlation of ileal and faecal availability values. On average, apparent faecal availability of the indispensable amino acids was 4·2% greater than apparent ileal availability, but the difference was up to 12·6% for threonine. Furthermore, the difference appeared to increase as the digestibility of the grain decreased.3. Silcock available-lysine values for the cereal grains were unrelated to the lysine truly absorbed by the pig.4. There were close relationships of ileal protein and lysine availability values on nitrogen digestibility determined by an in vitro assay using pronase enzyme.

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