Metabolic Effects of Hydrophobic Alginate Derivative and Tetrahydrolipstatin in Rats Fed Diet Supplemented With Palm Fat and Cholesterol

The effects of octadecylamide of alginic acid (amidated alginate) and tetrahydrolipstatin on serum and hepatic cholesterol, and the faecal output of fat and sterols were compared in rats. Amidated alginate is a sorbent of lipids, tetrahydrolipstatin is inhibitor of pancreatic lipase. Rats were fed diets containing cholesterol and palm fat at 10 and 70 g/kg, respectively. Palm fat was provided by coconut meal. Amidated alginate at 40 g/kg diet significantly decreased serum total cholesterol, LDL and hepatic cholesterol, hepatic lipids, and increased faecal output of fat and coprostanol. Tetrahydrolipstatin at 300 mg/kg diet significantly decreased LDL cholesterol, hepatic lipids and increased faecal output of fat. The intake of feed was not significantly influenced, however the weight gains in rats fed amidated alginate was lower than in rats of the control group. Both amidated alginate and tetrahydrolipstatin modified fatty acid profile in excreta lipids. Concentrations of saturated fatty acids were decreased and that of unsaturated fatty acids were increased. Despite different mode of action, amidated alginate and tetrahydrolipstatin were equally efficient in the removing dietary fat from the body.

Stoma care

The stoma care chapter explores the formation of a temporary or permanent stoma and the main types of stoma. The two main types of faecal output stoma are the colostomy and ileostomy. The urostomy or ileal conduit is a urinary output stoma. The care required for people undergoing or living with a stoma is explored and includes preoperative and postoperative care. Stoma appliances and products are described. There is information provided on dietary and discharge home from the hospital and the nursing advice needed in these situations. There are descriptions of the common complications associated with stomas and how these can be addressed as well as longer-term issues, such as living with a stoma. Reversal of a stoma is included to describe considerations related to having the stoma surgically closed. Succinct descriptions related to stomas are detailed within this chapter for use in clinical practice by the nurse.

Performance characteristics of weaner rabbits on cassava peel-based balanced diets

An eight-week trial was conducted to determine the optimum level of substitution of dried cassava peel meal (DCPM) for maize in rabbit diets balanced for varying energy, nitrogen and fibre contents. Six experimental diets were compounded such that DCPM replaced maize at 0%, 50%, 62.5%, 75%, 87.5% and 100% levels. Each diet was fed to five replicates of a weaner rabbit, averaging 0.49kg initial body weight. Water and feed were provided ad libitum throughout the 8 week period and their intake as well as faecal output were measured daily. Body weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion were determined weekly. No significant effects of replacement of maize in the control diet with graded levels of DCPM were observed on final body weight (FW), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed cost per unit weight gain (FC/WG). However, there were significant effects of dietary treatments on daily faecal output (DFO) (P<0.05) and daily feed (DFC) and daily water (DWC) consumption (P<0.01). The results of this study demonstrate that DCPM could replace 100% of dietary maize without adverse effects on rate, efficiency and economy of weight gain. Savings in feed cost were also achieved as a result of the use of DCPM and these ranged from 13.2 to 18.7%.

Effects of high intake of cod or salmon on gut microbiota profile, faecal output and serum concentrations of lipids and bile acids in overweight adults: a randomised clinical trial

Purpose To explore whether high intake of cod or salmon would affect gut microbiota profile, faecal output and serum concentrations of lipids and bile acids. Methods Seventy-six adults with overweight/obesity with no reported gastrointestinal disease were randomly assigned to consume 750 g/week of either cod or salmon, or to avoid fish intake (Control group) for 8 weeks. Fifteen participants from each group were randomly selected for 72 h faeces collection at baseline and end point for gut microbiota profile analyses using 54 bacterial DNA probes. Food intake was registered, and fasting serum and morning urine were collected at baseline and end point. Results Sixty-five participants were included in serum and urine analyses, and gut microbiota profile was analysed for 33 participants. Principal component analysis of gut microbiota showed an almost complete separation of the Salmon group from the Control group, with lower counts for bacteria in the Bacteroidetes phylum and the Clostridiales order of the Firmicutes phyla, and higher counts for bacteria in the Selenomonadales order of the Firmicutes phylum. The Cod group showed greater similarity to the Salmon group than to the Control group. Intake of fibres, proteins, fats and carbohydrates, faecal daily mass and output of fat, cholesterol and total bile acids, and serum concentrations of cholesterol, triacylglycerols, non-esterified fatty acids and total bile acids were not altered in the experimental groups. Conclusion A high intake of cod or salmon fillet modulated gut microbiota but did not affect faecal output or serum concentrations of lipids and total bile acids. Clinical trial registration This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02350595.

Effect of pancreatic lipase inhibitor and sorbent of lipids on cholesterolaemia and faecal output of fat in rats

Obesity and high cholesterolaemia are major health problems in industrialized countries. The effects of the antiobesity drug orlistat at 0.3 g kg-1 and amidated alginate at 40 g kg-1 on serum and hepatic cholesterol and the faecal output of fat and sterols were compared in female rats. Rats were fed diets containing cholesterol and palm fat at 10 and 70 g kg-1, respectively. Palm fat was provided by coconut meal. Amidated alginate (the octadecylamide of alginic acid) is a sorbent of lipids, and orlistat (tetrahydrolipstatin) is an inhibitor of pancreatic lipase. Both agents significantly increased the faecal loss of fat, orlistat, however, did not significantly decrease serum total cholesterol and its effect on hepatic cholesterol was less pronounced. Amidated alginate at 40 g kg-1 significantly decreased serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, hepatic cholesterol, and hepatic lipids, and increased the faecal output of fat and coprostanol (a metabolite of cholesterol). Both orlistat and amidated alginate modified the fatty acid profile in excreted lipids. The concentration of saturated fatty acids decreased and the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids increased. Despite different modes of action, orlistat and amidated alginate were equally efficient in the removing dietary fat from the body. Amidated alginate, however, was more active in the control of serum and hepatic lipid metabolism.

Prodromal Intestinal Events in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD): Colonic Dysmotility and Inflammation Are Associated with Enteric AD-Related Protein Deposition

Increasing evidence suggests that intestinal dysfunctions may represent early events in Alzheimer’s disease and contribute to brain pathology. This study examined the relationship between onset of cognitive impairment and colonic dysfunctions in a spontaneous AD model before the full development of brain pathology. SAMP8 mice underwent Morris water maze and assessment of faecal output at four, six and eight months of age. In vitro colonic motility was examined. Faecal and colonic Aβ, tau proteins, α-synuclein and IL-1β were assessed by ELISA. Colonic citrate synthase activity was assessed by spectrophotometry. Colonic NLRP3, caspase-1 and ASC expression were evaluated by Western blotting. Colonic eosinophil density and claudin-1 expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The effect of Aβ on NLRP3 signalling and mitochondrial function was tested in cultured cells. Cognitive impairment and decreased faecal output occurred in SAMP8 mice from six months. When compared with SAMR1, SAMP8 animals displayed: (1) impaired in vitro colonic contractions; (2) increased enteric AD-related proteins, IL-1β, active-caspase-1 expression and eosinophil density; and (3) decreased citrate synthase activity and claudin-1 expression. In THP-1 cells, Aβ promoted IL-1β release, which was abrogated upon incubation with caspase-1 inhibitor or in ASC-/- cells. Aβ decreased mitochondrial function in THP-1 cells. In SAMP8, enteric AD-related proteins deposition, inflammation and impaired colonic excitatory neurotransmission, occurring before the full brain pathology development, could contribute to bowel dysmotility and represent prodromal events in AD.

Dietary fibre, functions by modulating the entero-hepatic circulation

Dietary Fibre (DF) is not an essential component of the diet but a modulator of the absorption and colonic metabolism of nutrients and xenobiotics along the small and large intestine. In the colon DF stimulates the bacterial flora, bacterial mass and metabolism, thereby influencing the entero-hepatic circulation (EHC) and faecal output. This modulation is dependent upon the amount and physical state of DF intake.

Evaluation of internal and external markers to estimate faecal output and feed intake in sheep fed fresh forage

The objectives of the present study were to estimate dry-matter intake and output of faeces using two external and four internal markers in sheep fed Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu on an ad libitum basis over 3- and 5-day periods. Six sheep fitted with ruminal cannulas were randomly assigned in a crossover design experiment to receive either of two treatments of external markers, namely titanium dioxide (TiO2) and chromic oxide (Cr2O3). Faecal output was obtained by total faecal collection and faecal grab sampling. Faeces were collected for 3- or 5-day periods, and, for each collection period, two sampling methods were compared; grab samples were collected directly in the rectum once daily, and a second sample was taken at the same time directly in faecal collection bags after having determined the daily total output of faeces. Faecal concentrations of the internal markers, indigestible dry matter, indigestible neutral detergent fibre, indigestible acid detergent fibre and indigestible acid detergent lignin (iADL), were determined. Faecal output was not accurately predicted with indigestible dry matter, indigestible neutral detergent fibre, indigestible acid detergent fibre and iADL. Dry-matter intake was predicted with iADL and TiO2 when faeces were collected for 5 days as grab samples once daily, or as total collection and with Cr2O3 when faecal grab samples were collected for 5 days. The results using external markers indicated that TiO2 is not a marker equivalent to Cr2O3 for estimating intake and faecal output. TiO2 was the only external marker to accurately estimate faecal output, independent of the method (total or grab) and time period (3 or 5 days) used; this suggests that TiO2 is the best marker tested for predicting the faecal output of sheep that are fed a diet of fresh Brachiaria brizantha (cv. Marandu) grass ad libitum.

Ruminal impaction in a miniature zebu steer

An approximately one-year-old miniature zebu steer was examined for lethargy, anorexia and decreased faecal output of one day’s duration. Based on the steer’s history of malnourishment, physical examination and abdominal radiographic images, ruminal impaction was discussed as the top differential diagnosis. Exploratory flank laparotomy and rumenotomy demonstrated severe ruminal impaction of primarily hickory nuts with additional fibrous feed material, sand and two small, blunt, metallic objects. These materials were manually removed, and the rumen and reticulum were thoroughly lavaged. The steer recovered well from general anaesthesia and was treated with repeated orogastric transfaunation postoperatively. The steer did well for the remainder of his hospitalisation, was returned to a normal diet, resumed passage of normal faeces and was discharged three days postoperatively.