Ranking of Weighted Majority Rules

A decision-making body may utilize a wide variety of different strategies when required to make a collective decision. In principle, we would like to use the most effective decision rule, that is, the rule yielding the highest probability of making the correct decision. However, in reality we often have to choose a decision rule out of some restricted family of rules. Therefore, it is important to be able to rank various families of rules. In this paper we consider three classes of decision rules: (i) balanced expert rules, (ii) the so-called single expert rules, and (iii) restricted majority rules. For the first two classes, we show that, as we deviate from the best rule in the family, the effectiveness of the decision rule decreases. For the last class, we obtain a very different phenomenon: any inner ranking is possible.

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Decision rules, escalation of commitment and sensitivity to framing in group decision-making

Management Decision ◽

10.1108/md-06-2015-0253 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 54 (7) ◽

pp. 1649-1668 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Petru Lucian Curseu ◽

Sandra G. L. Schruijer ◽

Oana Catalina Fodor

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Decision Rule ◽

Group Decision Making ◽

Group Decision ◽

Decision Rules ◽

Escalation Of Commitment ◽

Group Level ◽

Content Type ◽

The Impact ◽

Collaborative Decision

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the influence of collaborative and consultative decision rules on groups’ sensitivity to framing effect (FE) and escalation of commitment (EOC). Design/methodology/approach – In an experimental study (using a sample of 233 professionals with project management experience), the authors test the effects of collaborative and consultative decision rules on groups’ sensitivity to EOC and FE. The authors use four group decision-making tasks to evaluate decision consistency across gain/loss framed decision situations and six decision tasks to evaluate EOC for money as well as time as resources previously invested in the initial decisions. Findings – The results show that the collaborative decision rule increases sensitivity to EOC when financial resources are involved and decreases sensitivity to EOC when time is of essence. Moreover, the authors show that the collaborative decision rule decreases sensitivity to FE in group decision making. Research limitations/implications – The results have important implications for group rationality as an emergent group level competence by extending the insights concerning the impact of decision rules on emergent group level cognitive competencies. Due to the experimental nature of the design, the authors can probe the causal relations between the investigated variables, yet the authors cannot generalize the results to other settings. Practical implications – Managers can use the insights of this study in order to optimize the functioning of decision-making groups and to reduce their sensitivity to FEs and EOC. Originality/value – The study extends the research on group rationality and it is one of the few experimental attempts used to understand the role of decision rules on emergent group level rationality.

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Uncertainty of measurement and conformity assessment

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/854/1/012093 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 854 (1) ◽

pp. 012093

Author(s):

Silvana Stajkovic ◽

Dragan Vasilev ◽

Mirjana Dimitrijevic ◽

Nedjeljko Karabasil

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Measurement Uncertainty ◽

Decision Rule ◽

Decision Rules ◽

Conformity Assessment ◽

Test Results ◽

Uncertainty Of Measurement ◽

Tolerance Limits ◽

Measurement Result ◽

Testing Laboratories

Abstract Knowledge of the measurement uncertainty of test results is fundamentally important for laboratories, their customers and all parties using and interpreting these results. In conformity assessment, a measurement result is used to decide if an item of interest conforms to a specified requirement. Because of measurement uncertainty, there is always the risk of incorrectly deciding whether or not an item conforms to a specified requirement based on the measured value of a property of the item. Conformity assessment can be quite challenging when the entity measured is so close to the tolerance limits of the specification that its uncertainty, however estimated, critically affects decision-making. In such cases, different decision rules can be used to make statements of conformity. The aim of this paper is to provide a survey of methods for the evaluation of measurement uncertainty in testing, as well as to stress the need for appropriate estimation of measurement uncertainty. This paper also aims to assist testing laboratories in understanding the different decision rules used in conformity assessment and level of risk (such as false accept and false reject) associated with the decision rule employed.

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PERILAKU KONSUMEN DALAM KATEGORI KELAS SOSIAL: PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN KELUARGA

Journal of Management and Business ◽

10.24123/jmb.v6i2.111 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Ngesthi Nirmala Dewi ◽

Indarini . ◽

Dudi Anandya

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Consumer Behavior ◽

Social Class ◽

Collective Decision ◽

Social Classes ◽

Collective Decision Making ◽

Consumer Decision Making ◽

Consumer Decision ◽

Specific Product ◽

The Family

Social class has been the interesting subject in consumer behavior studies, so does the collective decision making. This study explore the consumer decision making whether as individual or as family regarding some behavior. The study covers five social class range from upper to the lowest social classes. The result shows interesting findings that although all behaviors can be classified into the same categories, they show specific characters for some social classes. The findings also covers the decision making dominance in the family regarding specific product characteristics.

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Liquid Democracy: An Algorithmic Perspective

Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research ◽

10.1613/jair.1.12261 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 70 ◽

pp. 1223-1252

Author(s):

Anson Kahng ◽

Simon Mackenzie ◽

Ariel Procaccia

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Collective Decision ◽

Collective Decision Making ◽

Main Question ◽

Correct Decision ◽

Majority Opinion ◽

Local Neighborhood ◽

Liquid Democracy ◽

Non Local ◽

Two Alternatives

We study liquid democracy, a collective decision making paradigm that allows voters to transitively delegate their votes, through an algorithmic lens. In our model, there are two alternatives, one correct and one incorrect, and we are interested in the probability that the majority opinion is correct. Our main question is whether there exist delegation mechanisms that are guaranteed to outperform direct voting, in the sense of being always at least as likely, and sometimes more likely, to make a correct decision. Even though we assume that voters can only delegate their votes to better-informed voters, we show that local delegation mechanisms, which only take the local neighborhood of each voter as input (and, arguably, capture the spirit of liquid democracy), cannot provide the foregoing guarantee. By contrast, we design a non-local delegation mechanism that does provably outperform direct voting under mild assumptions about voters.

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Collective decision-making appears more egalitarian in populations where group fission costs are higher

Biology Letters ◽

10.1098/rsbl.2019.0556 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. 20190556 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. E. Herbert-Read ◽

A. S. I. Wade ◽

I. W. Ramnarine ◽

C. C. Ioannou

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Poecilia Reticulata ◽

Decision Rules ◽

Collective Decision ◽

Collective Decision Making ◽

Group Fission ◽

Theoretical Predictions ◽

The Face ◽

High Predation ◽

Moving Groups

Collective decision-making is predicted to be more egalitarian in conditions where the costs of group fission are higher. Here, we ask whether Trinidadian guppies ( Poecilia reticulata ) living in high or low predation environments, and thereby facing differential group fission costs, make collective decisions in line with this prediction. Using a classic decision-making scenario, we found that fish from high predation environments switched their positions within groups more frequently than fish from low predation environments. Because the relative positions individuals adopt in moving groups can influence their contribution towards group decisions, increased positional switching appears to support the prediction of more evenly distributed decision-making in populations where group fission costs are higher. In an agent-based model, we further identified that more frequent, asynchronous updating of individuals' positions could explain increased positional switching, as was observed in fish from high predation environments. Our results are consistent with theoretical predictions about the structure of collective decision-making and the adaptability of social decision-rules in the face of different environmental contexts.

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Decision rules, social norms and the expression of disagreement: the case of qualified-majority voting in the Council of the European Union

Social Science Information ◽

10.1177/0539018409354473 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 83-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Stéphanie Novak

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

European Union ◽

Social Norms ◽

Decision Rule ◽

Decision Rules ◽

Majority Voting ◽

Decision Making Process ◽

The European Union ◽

Qualified Majority ◽

The Way

When a group has to make a decision, one can assume that the members’ incentives to state their position vary according to the different decision rules. Decision-making in the Council of the European Union offers an opportunity to study how a decision rule influences the way members of a group state their position. Indeed, in several areas, decisions must be made by qualified-majority voting. But the combination of this rule and of social norms specific to the Council discourages the minority from expressing itself at different stages of decision-making. Decisions seem to be made without opposition at two main stages of the decision-making process: during the plenary sessions, representatives do not vote; according to the official Council records, a high proportion of measures are adopted without opposition.

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P134: Evaluating barriers to clinical decision rule integration: a qualitative analysis

CJEM ◽

10.1017/cem.2016.308 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (S1) ◽

pp. S122-S123

Author(s):

D.E. Trumble

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Shared Decision Making ◽

Decision Rule ◽

Decision Rules ◽

Clinical Decision ◽

Shared Decision ◽

Order Entry ◽

Clinical Decision Rules ◽

Potential Barriers ◽

Inappropriate Use

Introduction: Clinical decision rules for computed tomography (CT) ordering in pulmonary embolism and mild traumatic brain injury have been shown to be under-used in clinical practice. Current literature does not explain why these validated decision rules continue to be under-used despite evidence of inappropriate use and increased costs. To better evaluate potential barriers to their use, qualitative methods involving focused interviews were conducted amongst emergency department (ED) physicians. Methods: Physicians were recruited via a brief presentation at Calgary Zone ED rounds. Ten attending and resident physicians (4 female, 6 male) were interviewed. Questions were designed to evaluate potential barriers to the integration of decision rules into the computerized order entry system. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed manually. A high-level thematic analysis was conducted to draw primary themes from open-ended questions, and responses were totaled for closed-ended questions. Results: Emerging themes suggest concerns surrounding timing of rule application in relation to test ordering, patient influences on ordering, and overuse reporting. All 10 physicians believed decision rules for CT ordering play a large role in the ED, and 8 were in favor of integration into the order entry system. However, over half expressed concern, noting that their thought process begins before order entry. A majority prioritized shared decision-making with patients. However, 8 indicated that patient expectations influence their ordering. A majority agreed that there is CT overuse in the ED, but many were hesitant in concluding that overuse was primarily physician dependent. Conclusion: Primary barriers to decision rule integration are timing of application, hesitation surrounding patient input, and uncertainty over data. Physicians often make decisions prior to order entry. Mobile copies of decision rules should be available to better facilitate compliance. Concerns over patient influence on ordering are common. Patient-friendly materials on clinical decision rules should be available to better facilitate shared decision making while still promoting decision rules. While overuse is agreed upon, many prefer to see and track their own ordering data before supporting a physician-targeted intervention. Data reports to physicians may help affirm physician-associated overuse, and reinforce their role in responsible resource utilization.

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