Studies on the Impact of Hydrogen on the Results of THT Measurement Devices

An essential prerequisite for safe transport and use of natural gas is their appropriate odorization. This enables the detection of uncontrolled gas leaks. Proper and systematic odorization inspection ensures both safe use of gas and continuity of the process itself. In practice, it is conducted through, among others, measuring odorant concentrations in gas. Control devices for rapid gas odorization measurements that are currently used on a large scale in the gas industry are equipped with electrochemical detectors selective for sulfur compounds like tetrahydrothiophene (THT). Because the selectivity of electrochemical detector response to one compound (e.g., THT), the available declarations of manufacturers show that detector sensitivity (indirectly also the quality of the measurement result) is influenced by the presence of increased e.g., sulfur or hydrogen compound content in the gas. Because of the lack of sufficient source literature data in this field, it was necessary to experimentally verify this impact. The results of studies on experimental verification of suspected influence of increased amounts of hydrogen in gas on the response of electrochemical detector was carried out at the Oil and Gas Institute—National Research Institute (INiG—PIB). They are presented in this article. The data gathered in the course of researching the dependence between THT concentration measurement result quality and hydrogen content in gas composition enabled a preliminary assessment of the threat to the safety of end users of gaseous fuels caused by the introduction of this gas into the distribution network. Noticing the scope of necessary changes in the area of odorization is necessary to guarantee this safety.

Uncertainty of measurement and conformity assessment

Knowledge of the measurement uncertainty of test results is fundamentally important for laboratories, their customers and all parties using and interpreting these results. In conformity assessment, a measurement result is used to decide if an item of interest conforms to a specified requirement. Because of measurement uncertainty, there is always the risk of incorrectly deciding whether or not an item conforms to a specified requirement based on the measured value of a property of the item. Conformity assessment can be quite challenging when the entity measured is so close to the tolerance limits of the specification that its uncertainty, however estimated, critically affects decision-making. In such cases, different decision rules can be used to make statements of conformity. The aim of this paper is to provide a survey of methods for the evaluation of measurement uncertainty in testing, as well as to stress the need for appropriate estimation of measurement uncertainty. This paper also aims to assist testing laboratories in understanding the different decision rules used in conformity assessment and level of risk (such as false accept and false reject) associated with the decision rule employed.

Peningkatan Efektivitas Mesin Susu Kental Manis dengan Metode Overall Equipment Effectiveness dan Diagram Ishikawa

PT. X is an industrial company that runs in milk processing which manufactured variety products of its derivative. The problem that PT. X has are the high rate of breakdown and planned downtime that happened in sweetened condensed milk sachet filling machine, resulting a low value of availability rate in 2020. These problems can be solved by using Overall Equipment Effectiveess (OEE) method as an identification of those problems and Ishikawa’s Diagram as a proposed further improvement. The average measurement result of OEE in sweetened condensed milk sachet filling machine in the year of 2020 is 71.90%. This result shows us that the percentage of OEE still hasn’t reached the company’s target which is 75%. That low achievement of OEE is caused by one dominated factor which is the value of availability rate. According to Ishikawa’s Diagram, the main cause of the low value of availability rate are preventive maintenance, autonomous maintenance and predictive maintenance which become the cause of the recent breakdown. In conclusion, if the maintenance is done properly and thoroughly, the breakdown will certainly happen rarely, so that the value of the availability rate will also rise. PT. X adalah perusahaan industri yang bergerak di bidang pengolahan susu yang memproduksi berbagai produk turunannya. Masalah yang terjadi di PT. X adalah tingginya tingkat kerusakan dan downtime terencana yang terjadi pada mesin pengisi sachet susu kental manis, sehingga mengakibatkan rendahnya nilai availability rate pada tahun 2020. Permasalahan tersebut dapat diatasi dengan menggunakan metode Overall Equipment Effectiveess (OEE) sebagai identifikasi permasalahan tersebut. Hasil pengukuran rata-rata OEE pada mesin pengisi susu kental manis sachet tahun 2020 adalah 71,90%. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa persentase OEE masih belum mencapai target perusahaan yaitu 75%. Rendahnya pencapaian OEE tersebut disebabkan oleh salah satu faktor yang mendominasi yaitu nilai availability rate. Menurut diagram Ishikawa, penyebab utama rendahnya nilai tingkat ketersediaan adalah maintenance preventive, maintenance otonom, dan maintenance prediktif yang menjadi penyebab kerusakan mesin.

Character Strength pada Atlet Penyandang Tuna Daksa di NPCI (National Paralympic Committee Indonesia) Kota Padang

The purpose of this study was to describe the Character Strength on the physically disabled athletes in NPCI (National Paralympic Committee Indonesia) Kota Padang. The method used mix method which are combine both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sampling in this study using purposive sampling technique. The sample in this study was 10 athletes with physical disabilities in NPCI Kota Padang. The measuring instrument used in this study is the character strength scale which is based on the classification of character strength, namely wisdom and knowledge, courage, humanity, justice, temperance and transcendence.Character strength can be seen from the measurement result using a scale consisting of 81 items in the form of a likert scale. After that, an interview was conducted with the subject to identify more deeply related to their character strength. The result of measurements and interviews show that athletes with physical disabilities in NPCI Kota Padang have five character strength. The five character strength are appreciation, spirituality, hope, gratitude and vitality.

Kajian Pengendalian Pencemaran Air Laut Berdasarkan Partisipasi Masyarakat di Kawasan Pesisir Pantai Santolo Kecamatan Cikelet Kabupaten Garut

The coastal zone’s Santolo Beach is a place for traditional fishers that would be a great tourist destination. It also were the areas as a dock (port) fishermen’s activities for a vessel or boat is in that area. Based on RT and RW Kabupaten Garut 2011 -2031 south of Garut area set down as tourism area, and Pantai Santolo is one of them. How ever condition of Pantai Santolo is full of waste. This condition is disturbing visualization and affect to quality of that environment. This study using a model contamination index (IP) analysis by using the measurement result the quality of coastal waters of Santolo Beach. Based on the analysis using the model, the result is that coastal waters Santolo classified as a middle unclean coast. The research also informed with information obtained using questionnaire for local and tourist respondents. Based on the results of questionnaire the level of public participation of pollution contros strateggy in coastal’s Santolo Beach is in the informing step. Pollution control strategy needs invovlvement of several parties which is government, government on that area, and also the peoples for established a productive and suistanable coastal zone. Abstrak. Kawasan Pantai Santolo merupakan berkumpulnya nelayan tradisional yang akan dikembangkan menjadi daerah tujuan wisata yang indah. Pantai Santolo juga merupakan daerah untuk kegiatan nelayan sebagai dermaga (pelabuhan) kapal ikan atau perahu. Berdasarkan RT dan RW Kabupaten Garut 2011 –2031 kawasan Garut Selatan di tetapkan sebagai kawasan peruntukkan pariwisata, salah satunya adalah Pantai Santolo yang terdapat di Kecamatan Cikelet Kabupaten Garut. Namun kondisi di area Pantai Santolo dipenuhi dengan sampah. Kondisi ini sangat mengganggu visualisasi dan juga mempengaruhi kualitas lingkungan. Kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat akan pentingnya menjaga kelestarian lingkungan masih sangat kurang. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis dengan model Indeks Pencemaran (IP) dengan menggunakan hasil pengukuran kualitas perairan Pantai Santolo. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dengan menggunakan model tersebut, didapatkan hasil bahwa perairan Pantai Santolo diklasifikasikan sebagai pantai yang cemar sedang. Penelitian ini juga didasari dengan informasi yang didapat menggunakan kuisioner dengan target responden penduduk setempat dan wisatawan. Berdasarkan hasil kuisioner didapatkan informasi bahwa tingkat partisipasi masyarakat terhadap penyusunan strategi pengendalian pencemaran kawasan pesisir berada pada tahapan memberikan informasi. Pengendalian pencemaran perlu adanya keterlibatan beberapa pihak, yaitu pihak pemerintah, aparat desa, serta masyarakat demi terciptanya kawasan pesisir yang produktif dan berkelanjutan.

Study of factors determining the amplitude-frequency characteristics of acoustic noise in well logging

The article considers the factors that affect the spectral characteristics of acoustic noise recorded in active horizontal wells during logging. Based on the results of physical experiments performed on well models, the presence of resonance phenomena in the acoustic volume of the wellbore, the influence of the location of sensor and the tool body on the measurement result under identical conditions, the need to calibrate downhole tools for bringing their characteristics to a single scale are shown.

Assessing the level of confidence for expressing extended uncertainty: a model based on control errors in the measurement of ion activity

<p>A method for estimating the level of confidence when determining the coverage factor based on control errors is proposed, using the example of measurements of ion activity. Using information on tolerances and uncertainty, it is possible to establish a reasonable interval around the measurement result, within which most of the values that can be justified are assigned to the measured value.</p>

ESTIMATION OF ERRORS OF MEASUREMENT METHODS ON A UNIVERSAL MEASURING MICROSCOPE

The article presents the results of evaluating the errors of measurement methods on a universal measuring microscope, determines the causes of their occurrence and their impact on the measurement result, and also provides a comparative analysis of the resulting errors in comparison with other measuring microscopes.

The calibration and uncertainty evaluation by elementary measurement models

Nature has often made necessary things simple (elementary) and complicated ones unnecessary. This can be applied to measurement models of the large amount of working measurement standards and working measuring instruments. Nevertheless, if measurement model is elementary, it does not mean that it is primitive. It should be formulated according to the sufficiency, mathematical completeness and correctness principles. The attempt to formulate models according to the mentioned principles is introduced. Models are called elementary, as measurement result is function of one or two homogeneous measured quantities. Thus, measurement result is a single reading of the measurement standard or measuring instrument or average value of several readings, or bias as the disparity between readings of the calibrated measuring instrument and measurement standard. Notwithstanding the elementary measurement models simplicity, many variants of solutions are obtained in the process of the measurement result uncertainty evaluation by these models. Publication demonstrates how to choose the best uncertainty evaluation from many variants of solutions depending on whether single readings or average of several readings is included to measurement model. The best choice of the measurement model depends on resolution of the indicating measuring instrument. Moreover, the best choice depends on the measurement standard used for calibration, which is material measure or measuring instrument and depends on the calibration object: material measure or measuring instrument.

Computer simulation of logarithmic transformation function to expand the range of high-precision measurements

Studies of the effect of normalized radiation fluxes on the measurement result revealed the most influential one. The value of the normalized flow F0 was shown to have a greater effect on the relative measurement error than ΔF0. This allows investigating the relationship between the controlled Fx and the normalized flow F0. Experimental studies have confirmed that by a threefold increase in the normalized flow F0 relative to the controlled flow Fx, it becomes possible to increase the measurement accuracy in a wide range. In particular, it was found that at the flux value F0=0.16×10-3 W, it becomes possible to measure the controlled flow in a wider range Fх=(0.16×10-3÷0.97×10-3) W with a relative error of thousandths of a percent. The effect of the reproduction error on the measurement result under the condition of a threefold increase in the normalized flow F0 relative to the controlled flow Fх is shown. It was found that an increase in the reproduction error of the normalized radiation fluxes by 1 order leads to a narrowing of the range in which the value of the relative error tends to zero. It is shown that in the absence of a threefold increase in the normalized flow F0, an increase in the reproduction error of the normalized flows by 1 order leads to individual cases of reduction in the relative error to small-order values. The latter, by the way, applies to cases where the ratio between the normalized F0 and controlled flow Fx, as 3 to 1, is ensured. It is shown that the reproduction error of the dark flow does not affect the measurement result.Thus, there is reason to believe that it is possible to expand the measurement range, in which the value of the relative error is thousandths of a percent, even for 1 measurement cycle