Association between spousal violence and the incidence of acute respiratory infection among children under five: random-effect modelling using data from Nigeria and Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mian B. Hossain ◽  
Ifeyinwa Udo ◽  
James F. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Spousal Violence ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Nigerian Women ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nationally Representative

AbstractAcute respiratory infection (ARI) is a major cause of mortality among children under the age of five in developing countries. This paper examines Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data on maternal recall of episodes of ARI in the contrasting settings of Bangladesh and Nigeria, where about 11.1% and 3.3% of under-5 children, respectively, are reported to have symptoms of ARI. The surveys found that about 25.6% of married Bangladeshi women and 15.4% of married Nigerian women reported experiencing spousal violence in the past year. To test the proposition that women’s experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with adversity in their children, the study examined the relationship between spousal violence in the past year and childhood ARI in the past 2 weeks among children under the age of five in Bangladesh and Nigeria. Data were taken from a nationally representative sample of mothers aged 15–49 years obtained from the 2007 Bangladesh DHS and 2008 Nigeria DHS. Random-effects multiple logistic regression models were estimated to assess the association of maternal exposure to IPV with the incidence of ARI in the past 2 weeks among under-5 children after controlling for the potentially confounding effects of maternal social and demographic characteristics. Results from Nigeria suggest that the odds of ARI incidence among children of mothers who were IPV victims were almost two times higher than among their counterparts whose mothers had not experienced IPV (OR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.45–2.19; p <0.001). Similarly, the odds for the children of Bangladeshi IPV victims were elevated one and half times (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.21–2.14; p <0.001). The findings suggest that under-5 children suffer indirect health consequences of gender-based violence.

Trends in suicidal ideation in England: the National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys of 2000 and 2007

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Spiers ◽  
P. E. Bebbington ◽  
M. S. Dennis ◽  
T. S. Brugha ◽  
S. McManus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Treatment Access ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Death Wishes ◽  
Nationally Representative

BackgroundRecent falls in suicide rates should be accompanied by a decline in the prevalence of suicidal ideation.MethodWe used a pseudo-cohort analytic strategy to examine trends in suicidal ideation measured identically in 2000 and 2007, in nationally representative English probability samples of adults aged ⩾ 16 years. Suicidal ideation included tiredness of life, death wishes and thoughts of suicide. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate trends in age-specific prevalence of suicidal ideation in the past year and past week between 2000 and 2007.ResultsThere were 6799 participants aged 16–71 years in 2000, and 6815 participants aged 16–78 years in 2007. There was little evidence of trends in prevalence of suicidal ideation, with the exception of women aged 44–50 years in 2007, whose prevalence was unusually high. Prevalence of suicidal ideation in the past year followed a W-shaped profile with age, with peaks at the transition to adulthood, in the forties, and in the oldest participants.ConclusionsDespite falling suicide rates, suicidal ideation did not decline overall between 2000 and 2007. This may indicate the success of the National Suicide Prevention Strategy. Women aged 44–50 years in 2007 were, however, particularly prone to suicidal ideation. As they also have the highest age-adjusted prevalence of common mental disorders and the highest female suicide rate, there are clear implications for treatment access, availability and delivery in primary care.

scholarly journals Gender Based Violence against Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Sectional Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muluken Dessalegn Muluneh ◽  
Virginia Stulz ◽  
Lyn Francis ◽  
Kingsley Agho
Keyword(s):  
Partner Violence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Regional Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Gender Based

This study aimed to systematically review studies that examined the prevalence of gender based violence (GBV) that included intimate partner violence (IPV) and non-IPV among women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This evidence is an important aspect to work towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) target of eliminating all forms of violence in SSA. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Ovid Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science were used to source articles with stringent eligibility criteria. Studies on GBV in SSA countries that were published in English from 2008 to 2019 were included. A random effect meta-analysis was used. Fifty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of IPV among women was 44%, the past year-pooled prevalence of IPV was 35.5% and non-IPV pooled prevalence was 14%. The highest prevalence rates of IPV that were reported included emotional (29.40%), physical (25.87%) and sexual (18.75%) violence. The sub-regional analysis found that women residing in Western (30%) and Eastern (25%) African regions experienced higher levels of emotional violence. Integrated mitigation measures to reduce GBV in SSA should focus mainly on IPV in order to achieve the SDG’s that will lead to sustainable changes in women’s health.

Attitudinal Acceptance of Intimate Partner Violence Among U.S. Adults

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Simon ◽  
Mark Anderson ◽  
Martie P. Thompson ◽  
Alex E. Crosby ◽  
Gene Shelley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Never Married ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Victims Of Violence ◽  
Using Data

Attitudinal acceptance of intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important correlate of violent behavior. This study examined acceptance of IPV using data collected from a nationally representative telephone survey of 5,238 adults. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to test for associations between sociodemographic characteristics, exposure to violence, question order, and acceptance of hitting a spouse or boyfriend/girlfriend under specific circumstances. Depending on the circumstance examined, acceptance of IPV was significantly higher among participants who were male and younger than 35; were non-White; were divorced, separated, or had never married; had not completed high school; had a low household income; or were victims of violence within the past 12 months. Participants were more accepting of women hitting men; they also were consistent’; more likely to report tolerance of IPV if they were asked first about women hitting men rather than men hitting women. Reports of IPV tolerance need to be interpreted within the context of the survey. Efforts to change IPV attitudes can be tailored to specific IPV circumstances and subgroups, and these efforts should emphasize that the use of physical violence is unacceptable to both genders.

scholarly journals Pharmacovigilance of suspected or confirmed therapeutic ineffectiveness of artemisinin-based combination therapy: extent, associated factors, challenges and solutions to reporting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Kiguba ◽  
Helen Byomire Ndagije ◽  
Victoria Nambasa ◽  
Leonard Manirakiza ◽  
Elijah Kirabira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Pharmacovigilance Centre ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Pharmacovigilance Centre ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background Therapeutic ineffectiveness of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) increases the risk of malaria-related morbidity and mortality, and raises healthcare costs. Yet, little has been done to promote the pharmacovigilance (PV) of ACT ineffectiveness in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Uganda. This study aimed to determine the extent and associated factors of the past 6 months reporting of suspected or confirmed ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness by healthcare professionals (HCPs), and difficulties and potential solutions to the PV of ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness.Methods Survey of 685 HCPs conducted using a self-administered questionnaire from June to July 2018 in a nationally representative sample of public and private health facilities in Uganda. HCPs disclosed if they had spontaneously reported ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness to appropriate authorities in the previous 6 months. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify determinants of past 6-months, HCP-reported ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness.Results One in five (20%, 137/685; 95% CI: 17-23%) HCPs reported ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness to an appropriate authority in the previous 6 months. HCPs commonly reported ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness to immediate supervisors (72%, 106/147), mostly verbally only (80%, 109/137); none had ever submitted a written report of ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness to Uganda’s National Pharmacovigilance Centre. Common difficulties of reporting ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness were: unavailability of reporting procedures (31%, 129/421), poor follow-up of treated patients (22%, 93/421) and absence of reporting tools (16%, 68/421). Factors associated with reporting ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness in the past 6 months were: hospital-status (vs other; OR = 2.4, 95% CI, 1.41-4.21), HCPs aged under 25 years (OR = 2.2, 95% CI, 1.29-3.76), suspicion of ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness in the past 4 weeks (OR = 2.3, 95% CI, 1.29-3.92), receipt of patient-complaint(s) of ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness in the past 4 weeks (OR = 2.9, 95% CI, 1.62-5.12) and HCPs from northern (vs central; OR = 0.5, 95% CI, 0.28-0.93) and western (vs central; OR = 0.4, 95% CI, 0.17-0.77) parts of Uganda.Conclusion One in five HCPs reported ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness, mostly verbally to supervisors. The existing adverse drug reaction (ADR)-reporting infrastructure could be leveraged to promote the PV of ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness.

scholarly journals Gender-based violence in Bougainville: Stories of change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Viktoria Degerman
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gender Based

<p>Gender-based violence throughout Papua New Guinea is a well documented concern across disciplines. Within the field of development, gender-based violence is not only seen as a human rights breach, but it is widely accepted that violence exacerbates poverty, and that poverty exacerbates violence. Women are particularly affected by this cyclic nature of violence. Despite numerous initiatives from development actors, the Papua New Guinean government and local agencies, the rate of violence has not shifted in the past two decades (Ganster-Breidler, 2010). Similarly, in Bougainville, an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea, reports state that the rate of violence against women is extremely high. A United Nations study from 2013 showed that over 60 per cent of Bougainville men surveyed had committed rape at some point in their lives, and that physical violence was equally prevalent (Fulu et al., 2013).   In response to these worrisome reports, I began to wonder what can be done to address gender-based violence. What has been successful in the past and what can we learn from those who have firsthand experience of intimate partner violence?   The research addressed these types of problems through the use of 18 interviews conducted with men and women; including former perpetrators of intimate partner violence and survivors. The study was further strengthened by my observations from working at Buka Family Support Centre, a service in Bougainville that cares for survivors of gender-based violence.   I frame this research within feminist and poststructural ways of knowing. It is influenced by a four-tiered conceptual model that considers external and internal influences on individual actions. The analysis was inspired by Foucault’s discourse analysis (Foucault, 1979, 1984) and I pay special attention to dominant and discriminatory discourses and the resistance to these.   In summary, this study offers intimate and detailed stories of change. It reveals that the participants primarily referred to positive change as an absence of physical violence and not necessarily other forms of gender-based violence. The study also shows that the survivors’ resisted violence throughout the abusive period, and those who eventually chose to divorce only did so because of concerns over safety.   The stories are anchored to lived experiences, and the conclusion and recommendations that flow from this qualitative study contribute to knowledge of what works when trying to end violence within an intimate partnership in Bougainville.</p>

scholarly journals Gender-based violence in Bougainville: Stories of change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Viktoria Degerman
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gender Based

<p>Gender-based violence throughout Papua New Guinea is a well documented concern across disciplines. Within the field of development, gender-based violence is not only seen as a human rights breach, but it is widely accepted that violence exacerbates poverty, and that poverty exacerbates violence. Women are particularly affected by this cyclic nature of violence. Despite numerous initiatives from development actors, the Papua New Guinean government and local agencies, the rate of violence has not shifted in the past two decades (Ganster-Breidler, 2010). Similarly, in Bougainville, an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea, reports state that the rate of violence against women is extremely high. A United Nations study from 2013 showed that over 60 per cent of Bougainville men surveyed had committed rape at some point in their lives, and that physical violence was equally prevalent (Fulu et al., 2013).   In response to these worrisome reports, I began to wonder what can be done to address gender-based violence. What has been successful in the past and what can we learn from those who have firsthand experience of intimate partner violence?   The research addressed these types of problems through the use of 18 interviews conducted with men and women; including former perpetrators of intimate partner violence and survivors. The study was further strengthened by my observations from working at Buka Family Support Centre, a service in Bougainville that cares for survivors of gender-based violence.   I frame this research within feminist and poststructural ways of knowing. It is influenced by a four-tiered conceptual model that considers external and internal influences on individual actions. The analysis was inspired by Foucault’s discourse analysis (Foucault, 1979, 1984) and I pay special attention to dominant and discriminatory discourses and the resistance to these.   In summary, this study offers intimate and detailed stories of change. It reveals that the participants primarily referred to positive change as an absence of physical violence and not necessarily other forms of gender-based violence. The study also shows that the survivors’ resisted violence throughout the abusive period, and those who eventually chose to divorce only did so because of concerns over safety.   The stories are anchored to lived experiences, and the conclusion and recommendations that flow from this qualitative study contribute to knowledge of what works when trying to end violence within an intimate partnership in Bougainville.</p>

scholarly journals Pharmacovigilance of suspected or confirmed therapeutic ineffectiveness of artemisinin-based combination therapy: extent, associated factors, challenges and solutions to reporting

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Kiguba ◽  
Helen Byomire Ndagije ◽  
Victoria Nambasa ◽  
Leonard Manirakiza ◽  
Elijah Kirabira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Pharmacovigilance Centre ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Pharmacovigilance Centre ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background Therapeutic ineffectiveness of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) increases the risk of malaria-related morbidity and mortality, and raises healthcare costs. Yet, little has been done to promote the pharmacovigilance (PV) of ACT ineffectiveness in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Uganda. This study aimed to determine the extent and associated factors of the past 6 months reporting of suspected or confirmed ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness by healthcare professionals (HCPs), and difficulties and potential solutions to the PV of ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness. Methods Survey of 685 HCPs conducted using a self-administered questionnaire from June to July 2018 in a nationally representative sample of public and private health facilities in Uganda. HCPs disclosed if they had spontaneously reported ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness to appropriate authorities in the previous 6 months. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify determinants of past 6-months, HCP-reported ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness. Results One in five (20%, 137/685; 95% CI 17–23%) HCPs reported ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness to an appropriate authority in the previous 6 months. HCPs commonly reported ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness to immediate supervisors (72%, 106/147), mostly verbally only (80%, 109/137); none had ever submitted a written report of ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness to Uganda’s National Pharmacovigilance Centre. Common difficulties of reporting ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness were: unavailability of reporting procedures (31%, 129/421), poor follow-up of treated patients (22%, 93/421) and absence of reporting tools (16%, 68/421). Factors associated with reporting ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness in the past 6 months were: hospital-status (vs other; OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.41–4.21), HCPs aged under 25 years (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.29–3.76), suspicion of ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness in the past 4 weeks (OR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.29–3.92), receipt of patient-complaint(s) of ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness in the past 4 weeks (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.62–5.12) and HCPs from northern (vs central; OR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.28–0.93) and western (vs central; OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.17–0.77) parts of Uganda. Conclusion One in five HCPs reported ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness, mostly verbally to supervisors. The existing adverse drug reaction (ADR)-reporting infrastructure could be leveraged to promote the PV of ACT therapeutic ineffectiveness.

scholarly journals What is the extent of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Bangladesh? A cross-sectional rapid national survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. e050303
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ali ◽  
Ahmed Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Government

ObjectivesTo assess COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Bangladesh and identify population subgroups with higher odds of vaccine hesitancy.DesignA nationally representative cross-sectional survey was used for this study. Descriptive analyses helped to compute vaccine hesitancy proportions and compare them across groups. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to compute the adjusted OR.SettingBangladesh.ParticipantsA total of 1134 participants from the general population, aged 18 years and above participated in this study.Outcome measuresPrevalence and predictors of vaccine hesitancy.ResultsOf the total participants, 32.5% showed COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Hesitancy was high among respondents who were men, over 60, unemployed, from low-income families, from central Bangladesh, including Dhaka, living in rented houses, tobacco users, politically affiliated, doubtful of the vaccine’s efficacy for Bangladeshis and those who did not have any physical illnesses in the past year. In the multiple logistic regression models, transgender respondents (adjusted OR, AOR=3.62), married individuals (AOR=1.49), tobacco users (AOR=1.33), those who had not experienced any physical illnesses in the past year (AOR=1.49), those with political affiliations with opposition parties (AOR=1.48), those who believed COVID-19 vaccines would not be effective for Bangladeshis (AOR=3.20), and those who were slightly concerned (AOR=2.87) or not concerned at all (AOR=7.45) about themselves or a family member getting infected with COVID-19 in the next year were significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy (p<0.05).ConclusionsGiven the high prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, in order to guarantee that COVID-19 vaccinations are widely distributed, the government and public health experts must be prepared to handle vaccine hesitancy and increase vaccine awareness among potential recipients. To address these issues and support COVID-19 immunisation programs, evidence-based educational and policy-level initiatives must be undertaken especially for the poor, older and chronically diseased individuals.

scholarly journals Sexual Violence and Women Empowerment in India: Findings from a Nationally Representative Sample Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shewli Shabnam
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Women Empowerment ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Women's Experience ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Gender Based

Promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women and elimination of violence against women was recognised as an important component in the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Intimate partner violence is one of the most common forms of gender based violence throughout the world. Empowering women is an effective measure required to tackle the problem of domestic violence. There are various parameters that are used to measure women empowerment like education, work force participation, women’s decision making capacity in the family etc. In this paper we have analysed the relationship between women’s experience of spousal sexual violence and women empowerment using the ecological model of domestic violence proposed by Heise. We have used the data of the 4th National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) conducted in India in 2015–2016. Our results show that common empowerment related factors like education was not significantly associated with women’s experience of sexual abuse. Moreover, the likelihood of facing sexual abuse by husband was found higher among working women. We observe that relational and contextual factors like husband’s assertion of control over wife, cultural norms that condone wife abuse significantly increased women’s likelihood of experiencing sexual violence by husband.

scholarly journals Physical Victimization of Rural Methamphetamine and Cocaine Users

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa L. Kramer ◽  
Tyrone F. Borders ◽  
Shanti Tripathi ◽  
Christian Lynch ◽  
Carl Leukefeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Seek Health Care ◽  
Stimulant Use ◽  
Physical Victimization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Study Participants

Substance use and physical violence often coincide, but little has been published on the correlates associated with receipt of partner versus nonpartner physical violence for rural users of methamphetamine and/or cocaine. In this study, participants’ substance use, depression and past-year physical victimization were assessed. In separate logistic regression models, received partner violence in females was associated with age; alcohol, cocaine, and methamphetamine abuse/dependence; and number of drugs used in the past 6 months. In males, received nonpartner violence was associated with age, cocaine abuse/dependence, and being Caucasian. Findings suggest a relationship between stimulant use and received violence among rural substance users and a need for victimization screenings in settings where such individuals seek health care.

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