scholarly journals On the Water Channels of the Internal Drainage System of the Hintereisferner, Ötztal Alps, Austria

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (72) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Behrens ◽  
H. Bergmann ◽  
H. Moser ◽  
W. Ambach ◽  
O. Jochum
Keyword(s):  
Average Velocity ◽  
Open Channel ◽  
Dispersion Coefficient ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Water Channels ◽  
Internal Drainage ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Number Of Injections

Studies that had been started in 1971 were continued in the summer of 1972 in order to gather information on the intraglacial run-off system in the ablation region of Hintereisferner, In a long-term test of 30 h, the daily fluctuations of the inflow into a moulin and the discharge at the glacier mouth were measured. A number of injections of dye tracers were made to measure the curve of concentration versus time. Finally, a test was made to compare with last year's results, in which the inflow was marked with dye at three different points on the glacier. From the long-term measurements, the daily fluctuations of the average velocity of flow in the intraglacial run-off system and the dispersion coefficient were determined. The results confirm the experiments of last year, showing that the melt water reaches the glacier bed taking the shortest possible route without passing through cavities within the glacier, flowing mostly in an open channel.

scholarly journals On the Water Channels of the Internal Drainage System of the Hintereisferner, Ötztal Alps, Austria

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (72) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Behrens ◽  
H. Bergmann ◽  
H. Moser ◽  
W. Ambach ◽  
O. Jochum
Keyword(s):  
Average Velocity ◽  
Open Channel ◽  
Dispersion Coefficient ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Water Channels ◽  
Internal Drainage ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Number Of Injections

Studies that had been started in 1971 were continued in the summer of 1972 in order to gather information on the intraglacial run-off system in the ablation region of Hintereisferner, In a long-term test of 30 h, the daily fluctuations of the inflow into a moulin and the discharge at the glacier mouth were measured. A number of injections of dye tracers were made to measure the curve of concentration versus time. Finally, a test was made to compare with last year's results, in which the inflow was marked with dye at three different points on the glacier. From the long-term measurements, the daily fluctuations of the average velocity of flow in the intraglacial run-off system and the dispersion coefficient were determined. The results confirm the experiments of last year, showing that the melt water reaches the glacier bed taking the shortest possible route without passing through cavities within the glacier, flowing mostly in an open channel.

Past testate amoeba communities in landslide mountain fens (Polish Carpathians): The relationship between shell types and sediment

The Holocene ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 095968362199464
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Marcisz ◽  
Krzysztof Buczek ◽  
Mariusz Gałka ◽  
Włodzimierz Margielewski ◽  
Matthieu Mulot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Testate Amoebae ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Testate Amoeba ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Depth To Water Table ◽  
Polish Carpathians ◽  
The Relationship

Landslide mountain fens formed in landslide depressions are dynamic environments as their development is disturbed by a number of factors, for example, landslides, slopewash, and surface run-off. These processes lead to the accumulation of mineral material and wood in peat. Disturbed peatlands are interesting archives of past environmental changes, but they may be challenging for providing biotic proxy-based quantitative reconstructions. Here we investigate long-term changes in testate amoeba communities from two landslide mountain fens – so far an overlooked habitat for testate amoeba investigations. Our results show that abundances of testate amoebae are extremely low in this type of peatlands, therefore not suitable for providing quantitative depth-to-water table reconstructions. However, frequent shifts of dominant testate amoeba species reflect dynamic lithological situation of the studied fens. We observed that high and stable mineral matter input into the peatlands was associated with high abundances of species producing agglutinated (xenosomic) as well as idiosomic shells which prevailed in the testate amoeba communities in both analyzed profiles. This is the first study that explores testate amoebae of landslide mountain fens in such detail, providing novel information about microbial communities of these ecosystems.

scholarly journals Long-Term Changes in Floristic Diversity as an Effect of Transforming the Lake into a Retention Reservoir

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7642
Author(s):  
Joanna Sender ◽  
Danuta Urban ◽  
Monika Różańska-Boczula ◽  
Antoni Grzywna
Keyword(s):  
Drainage System ◽  
High Water ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Habitat Diversity ◽  
Peat Bogs ◽  
Ecological Index ◽  
Natural Lakes ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Low Reaction Temperature

The Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District is one of the most valuable natural regions in Europe. It is an area of numerous lakes, peat bogs, swamps and forests, which has been undergoing intensive transformation for decades. Among the largest projects were the creation of the Wieprz Krzna Canal system along with the drainage system and the transformation of natural lakes into retention reservoirs. Among the transformed lakes is Lake Wytyckie. The land was used for analyses near the lake, and floristic and habitat analyses were carried out within the boundaries of the contemporary embankment. The studies were carried out from the 1950s, when the lake functioned as a natural reservoir, through to the 1980s (the transformation of the lake), to the 2020s. Lake Wytyckie was transformed into a retention reservoir by increasing its size and flooding the areas inhabited mainly by peat bog, meadow and forest vegetation, which contributed to the impoverishment of both species and habitat diversity of the area, while it increased the nutrient richness of the water. This was reflected both in the decline in the value of individual diversity indices as well as in the ecological index numbers. In the first period of the research, the area was dominated by wetlands, not drained, with a large variety of species that preferred good lighting conditions. Additionally, the habitat was characterized by low reaction, temperature and trophic values. In the following period, there was an increase in the depth of the water of the reservoir, characterized by high water visibility values, which contributed to the presence of protected species, as did the low moisture content of the areas within the embankment and a neutral pH. The factors currently influencing the formation of the vegetation structure are the high humidity of the entire embankment area, the increase in pH, and the significant increase in the share of built-up areas in the immediate vicinity.

scholarly journals Determining the extent of pressurized flow beneath Storglaciären, Sweden, using results of tracer experiments and measurements of input and output discharge

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (138) ◽  
pp. 217-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Kohler
Keyword(s):  
Open Channel ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Tracer Tests ◽  
Tracer Experiment ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Valley Glacier ◽  
Small Valley ◽  
Tracer Experiments

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted on the drainage system beneath the Lower part of the ablation zone of Storglaciären, a small valley glacier in northern Sweden. In the first experiment, over 70 tracer tests were performed in a cluster of moulins during a 1 month period, at sub-daily intervals. In the second experiment, input- and output-discharge signals were measured on the supraglacial melt stream emptying into a moulin and on the proglacial stream to which the moulin drains. The data from these two experiments are used in an idealized model of the subglacial drainage system to calculate the percentage of the system flowing as an open channel. Results from the tracer experiment suggest that the system is pressurized to within 60-340 m of the snout, while analysis of the discharge data indicates pressurized ronduits to within 0-415 m of the snout.

scholarly journals Subglacial Hydrology for an Ice Sheet Resting on a Deformable Aquifer

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (110) ◽  
pp. 20-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Shoemaker
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water ◽  
Coulomb Friction ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Water Channels ◽  
Water Drainage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Overburden Pressure ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
Pore Water Pressures

AbstractSubglacial hydrology is investigated for an ice sheet where the substrate consists of a deformable aquifer resting on an aquitard. If sliding velocities are low or absent, subglacial melt-water drainage is dominated by drainage through the aquifer to water channels. Drainage along the bed is negligible. Efficient melt-water drainage requires that a system of subglacial water channels exists; otherwise, pore-water pressures will exceed the overburden pressure. In general, aquifer deformation near (away from) the terminus is most likely to occur during the winter (summer). The effect of short-term high channel pressures is, in general, not critical to aquifer deformation because the pressure pulse does not propagate far into the aquifer. (For aquifers of high permeability, short periods of high channel pressures constitute the most critical condition.) Aquifer deformation at the terminus is very likely to occur if the terminus ice slope exceeds tan ϕ, where ϕ is the Coulomb friction angle of the aquifer material. Upwelling of basal melt water near the terminus will normally cause soil dilation if the aquifer has a low permeability (e.g. till). Maximal profiles are computed corresponding to various aquifer materials using channel spacings which provide efficient drainage. (A maximal profile is the highest ice profile which the aquifer can sustain without deformation.) In general, maximal profiles lie well above observed profiles (such as h(x) = 3x1/2 (m)) except near the terminus. However, if channel spacings are sufficiently large, pore-water pressures are increased and maximal profiles can lie well below h(x) = 3x1/2.

scholarly journals Corrugated Galvanised Iron Sheet as an Alternative to Conventional Roofing Materials “A case study from Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhutan”

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonam Tobgay ◽  
Kumbu Dorji ◽  
Norbu Yangdon
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Management ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Wildlife Sanctuary ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Community Pressure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Roofing Materials

Corrugated galvanized iron (CGI) sheet as an alternative to conventional roofing material was initiated under the integrated conservation development program (ICDP) of Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary in the year 2004. The program was aimed at reducing community pressure on natural resources to enhance conservation of biodiversity and keystone fauna and flora species through protection of wild habitat. It has benefited 628 inhabitants of Merak and Sakteng which were identified as the least developed among 15 Gewogs (Blocks) under Trashigang Dzongkhag (District). Data were collected through semi structured questionnaires to study the impact of the program to policy and natural habitat management. Amongst the two types of conventional roofing materials available in the locality, Shingles (79%) were in extensive use in comparison to Bamboo mat (21%) attributing to its durability. However, people prefer to use CGI sheet (100%) roofing which is economical, durable and effective in comparison to Shingle and Bamboo mat roofing, where incidences of water seepage to the room is frequent and requires replacing after 5.6 and 1.7 years respectively incurring higher maintenance costs. Replacing conventional roofing with CGI sheet has a long-term positive impact to conservation of forest and wild habitat. It is estimated that under ideal conditions approximately 5521 healthy matured Fir trees (>4'1''girth) and 1.68 million Bamboos were saved from felling since the initial supply of CGI sheet. However, effective roofing has led to the construction of the illegal permanent concrete huts in the Tsamdro (pastureland) and changes in the architectural designs of their native houses. The need of proper drainage system was also observed as important to reduce the gully erosion from CGI sheet roof run-off.

scholarly journals Study on the Effectiveness of Infiltration Wells to Reduce Excess Surface Run Off In ITB

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 03008
Author(s):  
Afifah Muhsinatu Mardiah ◽  
Cherish Nurul Ainy ◽  
Mohammad Bagus ◽  
Dhemi Harlan
Keyword(s):  
Drainage System ◽  
Service Area ◽  
Permeable Surface ◽  
Precipitation Data ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Design Discharge ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Excess Surface ◽  
New Buildings

Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Ganesha Campus, Indonesia, has an area of 28.86 hectares. The campus is located in Bandung. Starting from 2012, new buildings were constructed within the area, reducing the area of permeable surface significantly. In the past few years, there were several excess run off incidents in the campus. The insufficient area of permeable surface as well as the inadequate capacity of the drainage system contributes to the excess surface run off. The drainage system has only two outlets. Moreover, in some areas, the drainage systems are disconnected. Thus, most the surface run off are stored within the drainage system. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of infiltration wells for reducing the local excess run off in ITB. Precipitation data and drained service area are used to estimate the design discharge from each building in ITB. In order to avoid the excess surface run off of certain locations in ITB, then the infiltration wells are proposed to balance the area of impermeable surface. The effectiveness of the infiltration wells are evaluated by assessing their number to their contribution in reducing the excess surface runs off.

scholarly journals Climate variability in West Antarctica derived from annual accumulation-rate records from ITASE firn/ice cores

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Kaspari ◽  
Paul A. Mayewski ◽  
Daniel A. Dixon ◽  
Vandy Blue Spikes ◽  
Sharon B. Sneed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Moisture Transport ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Cyclonic Activity ◽  
West Antarctica ◽  
Sea Level Pressure

AbstractThirteen annually resolved accumulation-rate records covering the last ~200 years from the Pine Island–Thwaites and Ross drainage systems and the South Pole are used to examine climate variability over West Antarctica. Accumulation is controlled spatially by the topography of the ice sheet, and temporally by changes in moisture transport and cyclonic activity. A comparison of mean accumulation since 1970 at each site to the long-term mean indicates an increase in accumulation for sites located in the western sector of the Pine Island–Thwaites drainage system. Accumulation is negatively associated with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) for sites near the ice divide, and periods of sustained negative SOI (1940–42, 1991–95) correspond to above-mean accumulation at most sites. Correlations of the accumulation-rate records with sea-level pressure (SLP) and the SOI suggest that accumulation near the ice divide and in the Ross drainage system may be associated with the mid-latitudes. The post-1970 increase in accumulation coupled with strong SLP–accumulation-rate correlations near the coast suggests recent intensification of cyclonic activity in the Pine Island– Thwaites drainage system.

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