Sewage contamination of coastal bathing waters in england and wales A bacteriological and epidemiological study

1959 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Representative Sampling ◽  
Small Series ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Ranking Order

1. Bacteriological surveys of more than forty popular bathing beaches around the coasts of England and Wales have been made during the past 5 years. The great majority of the beaches studied were subject to contamination with sewage.2. A rough grading of the beaches studied gave a similar ranking order whether the results of the presumptive coliform test or faecal coli counts were used as the basis of grading.3. Grading of beaches was valid only when surveys were carefully planned to ensure representative sampling from the areas on the beaches concerned where bathing actually took place.4. The coliform test as used in the bacteriological examination of drinking waters was the main test procedure used but had certain limitations. Promising results with plate counts on relatively non-inhibitory media were obtained.5. Various salmonella serotypes, notablySalm. paratyphi B, were isolated in small numbers from a high proportion of sea-water samples. The proportion of positive results for salmonella isolation increased from 13·3% in samples with less than 1000 coliform organisms per 100 ml. to 40·1% in samples with over 10,000 coliforms per 100 ml. Comparison of the numbers of salmonellae isolated with what is known of the minimum infective doses of these organisms suggested that very large volumes of sea water would require to be ingested for infection to occur.6. Poliovirus was not isolated from a small series of sea-water samples examined. Because of the very large dilution factor, special concentration procedures would probably be required to isolate this virus from sea water.7. Four cases of paratyphoid fever probably due to bathing were recorded. Surveys of the two associated beaches had given median presumptive coliform counts of more than 10,000 per 100 ml., and both showed gross macroscopic pollution with sewage.8. A statistically controlled study of the bathing histories of 150 poliomyelitis cases in children living permanently by the seaside gave no evidence that bathing had played any part in causing the disease.

SITE-SPECIFIC EQUATIONS OF STATE FOR COASTAL SEA AREAS AND INLAND WATER BODIES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Andrulionis ◽  
Natalia Andrulionis ◽  
Ivan Zavialov ◽  
Ivan Zavialov ◽  
Elena Kovaleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Equations Of State ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Sea

This article presents a new method of laboratory density determination and construction equations of state for marine waters with various ionic compositions and salinities was developed. The validation of the method was performed using the Ocean Standard Seawater and the UNESCO thermodynamic equation of state (EOS-80). Density measurements of water samples from the Aral Sea, the Black Sea and the Issyk-Kul Lake were performed using a high-precision laboratory density meter. The obtained results were compared with the density values calculated for the considered water samples by the EOS-80 equation. It was shown that difference in ionic composition between Standard Seawater and the considered water bodies results in significant inaccuracies in determination of water density using the EOS-80 equation. Basing on the laboratory measurements of density under various salinity and temperature values we constructed a new equation of state for the Aral Sea and the Black Sea water samples and estimated errors for their coefficients.

scholarly journals Carbon-14 in the Southern Indian Ocean

Radiocarbon ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 684-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgette Delibrias
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Middle Latitudes ◽  
The North ◽  
The Indian Ocean

14C measurements were carried out on sea water samples collected in 1973, in the Indian ocean. The results obtained for 9 vertical profiles between 27° S and 48°S are presented. In surface water, the bomb 14C content is maximum at middle latitudes. A time lag relative to the north hemisphere bomb 14C delivery is apparent. In the more southern latitudes, 14C content remains very low.

scholarly journals Occurrence of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. and adenoviruses in Finnish bathing waters and purified sewage effluents

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Maria Hokajärvi ◽  
Tarja Pitkänen ◽  
Henri M. P. Siljanen ◽  
Ulla-Maija Nakari ◽  
Eila Torvinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Sewage Effluents ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Intestinal Pathogens ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

A total of 50 Finnish bathing water samples and 34 sewage effluent samples originating from 17 locations were studied in the summers of 2006 and 2007. Campylobacter were present in 58% and adenoviruses in 12% of all bathing water samples; 53% of all sewage effluent samples were positive for Campylobacter spp. and 59% for adenoviruses. C. jejuni was the most common Campylobacter species found and human adenovirus serotype 41 was the most common identified adenovirus type. Bathing water temperature displayed a significant negative relationship with the occurrence of Campylobacter. One location had identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of C. coli isolates in the bathing water and in sewage effluent, suggesting that sewage effluent was the source of C. coli at this bathing site. The counts of faecal indicator bacteria were not able to predict the presence of Campylobacter spp. or adenoviruses in the bathing waters. Thus the observed common presence of these pathogens in Finnish sewage effluents and bathing waters may represent a public health risk. The low water temperature in Finland may enhance the prevalence of Campylobacter in bathing waters. More attention needs to be paid to minimizing the concentrations of intestinal pathogens in bathing waters.

scholarly journals Neutron Activation Analysis of Trace Elements in Sea Water Samples

RADIOISOTOPES ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzuru KUSAKA ◽  
Haruo TSUJI ◽  
Sakingo IMAI ◽  
Sayoko OHMORI
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Neutron Activation Analysis ◽  
Activation Analysis ◽  
Neutron Activation ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Sea Water

scholarly journals LACIS-measurements and parameterization of sea-salt particle hygroscopic growth and activation

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 11511-11544
Author(s):  
D. Niedermeier ◽  
F. Stratmann ◽  
H. Wex ◽  
E. Brüggemann ◽  
A. Kiselev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Hygroscopic Growth ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Salt Particle ◽  
Aerosol Cloud ◽  
Salt Sample ◽  
Kohler Theory ◽  
Ionic Density

Abstract. The Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS) was used to investigate the hygroscopic growth and activation of sea-salt particles which were generated from three different sea-water samples. Köhler theory was utilized to model the hygroscopic growth of these particles. Some parameters used in this model are unknown for sea-salt. These parameters are combined in an "ionic density" ρion. For each sea-salt sample an average ρion was determined by fitting the Köhler equation to the data from the hygroscopic growth measurements. LACIS was also used to measure the activation of the sea-salt particles at three different supersaturations: 0.10%, 0.16% and 0.30%. A CCN-closure was tested by calculating the critical diameters Dcrit for the sea-salt particles at these supersaturations, using the Köhler model and the corresponding ρion as derived from the hygroscopic growth data. These calculated critical diameters were compared to the measured ones. Measured and calculated values of Dcrit agree within the level of uncertainty. Based on this successful closure, a new parameterization to describe sea-salt-particle hygroscopic growth (at RH>95%) and activation has been developed.

scholarly journals A non-lethal method for detection of Bonamia ostreae in flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) using environmental DNA

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen ◽  
Johan Wedel Nielsen ◽  
Mikkel Kehler Villadsen ◽  
Bent Vismann ◽  
Sussie Dalvin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Ostrea Edulis ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Bonamia Ostreae ◽  
Flat Oyster ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Surveillance and diagnosis of parasitic Bonamia ostreae infections in flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) are prerequisites for protection and management of wild populations. In addition, reliable and non-lethal detection methods are required for selection of healthy brood oysters in aquaculture productions. Here we present a non-lethal diagnostic technique based on environmental DNA (eDNA) from water samples and demonstrate applications in laboratory trials. Forty oysters originating from Limfjorden, Denmark were kept in 30 ppt sea water in individual tanks. Water was sampled 6 days later, after which all oysters were euthanized and examined for infection, applying PCR. Four oysters (10%) were found to be infected with B. ostreae in gill and mantle tissue. eDNA purified from the water surrounding these oysters contained parasite DNA. A subsequent sampling from the field encompassed 20 oysters and 15 water samples from 5 different locations. Only one oyster turned out positive and all water samples proved negative for B. ostreae eDNA. With this new method B. ostreae may be detected by only sampling water from the environment of isolated oysters or isolated oyster populations. This non-lethal diagnostic eDNA method could have potential for future surveys and oyster breeding programs aiming at producing disease-free oysters.

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