scholarly journals Variation of serotype in strains of Bordetella pertussis

1974 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Stanbridge ◽  
N. W. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Mutation Rate ◽  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Pertussis Infection

SUMMARYThe four main serotypes of Bordetella pertussis (1, 2, 3; 1, 2; 1, 3; 1) undergo spontaneous variation involving loss or gain of antigen 2 or antigen 3. By serial subculture from single colonies on charcoal-blood-agar medium, we have detected loss-mutations from type 1, 2, 3 to 1, 2 or 1, 3, and from type 1, 2 to type 1. Likewise we have found gain-mutations from type 1 to 1, 2 or 1, 3, and from 1, 2 to 1, 2, 3.These mutations apparently occur with a high frequency in some strains. Other strains have a lower mutation-rate and are more stable antigenically. We have not detected, by this method, either gain- or loss-mutations from the type 1, 3 strains that we have tested.These findings offer an explanation for the changes in serotype that occur during the course of a pertussis infection in the child and in the marmoset. They also constitute a warning on the possible antigenic instability of laboratory strains, especially relevant in the production, absorption and testing of diagnostic antisera and in the preparation of pertussis vaccine.

scholarly journals Mucosal immunization with DTaP confers protection against Bordetella pertussis infection and cough in Sprague-Dawley rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse M. Hall ◽  
Graham J. Bitzer ◽  
Megan A. DeJong ◽  
Jason Kang ◽  
Ting Y. Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
Mucosal Immunization ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Pertussis Infection ◽  
Mucosal Vaccination

Pertussis is a respiratory disease caused by the Gram-negative pathogen, Bordetella pertussis ( Bp ). The transition from a whole cell pertussis vaccine (wP; DTP) to an acellular pertussis vaccine (aP; DTaP; Tdap) correlates with an increase in pertussis cases, despite widespread vaccine implementation and coverage, and it is now appreciated that the protection provided by aP rapidly wanes. To recapitulate the localized immunity observed from natural infection, mucosal vaccination with aP was explored using the coughing rat model of pertussis. Overall, our goal was to evaluate the route of vaccination in the coughing rat model of pertussis. Immunity induced by both oral gavage (OG) and intranasal (IN) vaccination of aP in Bp challenged rats over a nine-day infection was compared to intramuscular (IM)-wP and IM-aP immunized rats that were used as positive controls. Our data demonstrate that mucosal immunization of aP resulted in production of anti- Bp IgG antibody titers similar to IM-wP and IM-aP vaccinated controls post-challenge. IN-aP also induced anti- Bp IgA antibodies in the nasal cavity. Immunization with IM-wP, IM-aP, IN-aP, and OG-aP immunization protected against Bp induced cough, while OG-aP immunization did not protect against respiratory distress. Mucosal immunization by both IN and OG administration protected against acute inflammation and decreased bacterial burden in the lung compared to mock vaccinated challenge (MVC) rats. The data presented in this study suggests that mucosal vaccination with aP can induce a mucosal immune response and provide protection against Bp challenge. This study highlights the potential benefits and uses of the coughing rat model of pertussis; however, further questions regarding waning immunity still require additional investigation.

scholarly journals Antibody Specificity Following a Recent Bordetella pertussis Infection in Adolescence Is Correlated With the Pertussis Vaccine Received in Childhood

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
René H. M. Raeven ◽  
Larissa van der Maas ◽  
Jeroen L. A. Pennings ◽  
Kurt Fuursted ◽  
Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Antibody Specificity ◽  
Pertussis Infection

scholarly journals Antibody responses to pertussis toxin display different kinetics after clinical Bordetella pertussis infection than after vaccination with an acellular pertussis vaccine

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1029-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tine Dalby ◽  
Jesper Westphal Petersen ◽  
Zitta B. Harboe ◽  
Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
Keyword(s):  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Pertussis Toxin ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Acellular Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Decay Kinetics ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Pertussis Infection

The measurement of IgG anti-pertussis toxin (IgG anti-PT) antibodies by ELISA is a frequently used method for studying the antibody responses after pertussis vaccination and after Bordetella pertussis infection. Such responses vary according to the different vaccines used as well as to the immunization and infection history of the participants. In the present study, the decay kinetics of the IgG anti-PT antibody response was determined for 71 Danish children and adults with bacteriologically confirmed B. pertussis infection and for 20 Danish adults booster-vaccinated with an acellular pertussis vaccine. For both groups, biphasic decay was seen, but the individual antibody responses varied greatly. No differences related to age were seen. Within each group, individual decay profiles showed parallel log-linear decay for the late part of the response. Antibody half-life was calculated for the late, slower part of the biphasic response curves for both groups (>5 months after diagnosis for individuals with confirmed infection; >3 months for vaccinated individuals). The median half-life for post-infection antibodies was 221 days [interquartile range (IQR) 159–314 days, 36 individuals], and the median half-life for post-vaccination antibodies was 508 days (IQR 428–616 days, 14 individuals). This difference was statistically significant (P<0.0001). Thus, in this setting, we found that the IgG anti-PT antibody decay after an infection with B. pertussis is more than twice as fast as the decay after booster vaccination with an acellular pertussis vaccine. Such knowledge of the IgG anti-PT decay kinetics is crucial for interpretation of serological data that will be used either for diagnosis or for epidemiological studies and surveillance of B. pertussis infections.

scholarly journals Mucosal immunization with DTaP confers protection against Bordetella pertussis infection and cough in Sprague-Dawley rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Michael Hall ◽  
Graham J Bitzer ◽  
Megan A DeJong ◽  
Jason Kang ◽  
Ting Y. Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
Mucosal Immunization ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Pertussis Infection ◽  
Mucosal Vaccination ◽  
Antibody Titers

Pertussis is a respiratory disease caused by the Gram-negative pathogen, Bordetella pertussis (Bp). The transition from a whole cell pertussis vaccine (wP; DTP) to an acellular pertussis vaccine (aP; DTaP; Tdap) correlates with an increase in pertussis cases, despite widespread vaccine implementation and coverage, and it is now appreciated that the protection provided by aP rapidly wanes. To recapitulate the localized immunity observed from natural infection, mucosal vaccination with aP was explored using the coughing rat model of pertussis. Immunity induced by both oral gavage (OG) and intranasal (IN) vaccination of aP in Bp challenged rats over a nine-day infection was compared to intramuscular (IM)-wP and IM-aP immunized rats that were used as positive controls as IM immunization is the current route for wP and aP vaccination. Our data demonstrate that both IN and OG immunization of aP resulted in production of anti-Bp IgG antibody titers similar to IM-wP and IM-aP vaccinated controls post-challenge. IN-aP also induced anti-Bp IgA antibodies in the nasal cavity. Immunization with IM-wP, IM-aP, IN-aP, and OG-aP immunization protected against Bp induced cough, while OG-aP immunization did not protect against respiratory distress Mucosal immunization (IN-aP and OG-aP) also protected against acute inflammation and decreased bacterial burden in the lung compared to mock vaccinated challenge (MVC) rats. The data presented in this study suggests that mucosal vaccination with aP can induce a mucosal immune response and provide protection against Bp> challenge.

Respiratory Pathogens Identified in Patients with a Clinically Suspected Bordetella Pertussis Infection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassib Narchi ◽  
Afaf Alblooshi ◽  
Korstiaan Pater ◽  
Junu Vazhappully George ◽  
Nael Sahhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Pertussis Infection

scholarly journals Exploring the link between C IV outflow kinematics and sublimation-temperature dust in quasars

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J Temple ◽  
Manda Banerji ◽  
Paul C Hewett ◽  
Amy L Rankine ◽  
Gordon T Richards
Keyword(s):  
Emission Line ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Infrared Emission ◽  
Black Hole Mass ◽  
Sublimation Temperature ◽  
Continuum Source ◽  
Broad Emission ◽  
Line Region ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Using data from SDSS, UKIDSS and WISE, we investigate the properties of the high-frequency cutoff to the infrared emission in ≃5000 carefully selected luminous (Lbol ∼ 1047) type 1 quasars. The strength of ≃2 μm emission, corresponding to emission from the hottest ($T&gt;1200\rm \, K$) dust in the sublimation zone surrounding the central continuum source, is observed to correlate with the blueshift of the C iv λ1550 emission line. We therefore find that objects with stronger signatures of nuclear outflows tend to have a larger covering fraction of sublimation-temperature dust. When controlling for the observed outflow strength, the hot dust covering fraction does not vary significantly across our sample as a function of luminosity, black hole mass or Eddington fraction. The correlation between the hot dust and the C iv line blueshifts, together with the lack of correlation between the hot dust and other parameters, therefore provides evidence of a link between the properties of the broad emission line region and the infrared-emitting dusty regions in quasars.

scholarly journals Effect of Hypoglycemia on Heart Rate Variability in People with Type 1 Diabetes and Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycemia

2021 ◽  
pp. 193229682110074
Author(s):  
Mats Koeneman ◽  
Marleen Olde Bekkink ◽  
Lian van Meijel ◽  
Sebastian Bredie ◽  
Bastiaan de Galan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Sympathetic Activity ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test ◽  
Impaired Awareness ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Measurable Change

Background: People with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) are at elevated risk of severe, potentially hazardous, hypoglycemia and would benefit from a device alerting to hypoglycemia. Heart rate variability (HRV) changes with hypoglycemia due to sympathetic activity. Since IAH is associated with suppressed sympathetic activity, we investigated whether hypoglycemia elicits a measurable change in HRV in patients with T1D and IAH. Method: Eligible participants underwent a modified hyperinsulinemic euglycemic hypoglycemic clamp (glucose nadir, 43.1 ± 0.90 mg/dl), while HRV was measured by a VitalConnect HealthPatch. Measurements of HRV included Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences (RMSSD) and low to high frequency (LF:HF) ratio. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for testing within-subject HRV changes. Results: We included 12 participants (8 female, mean age 57 ± 12 years, mean HbA1c 57 ± 5 mmol/mol (7.4 ± 0.4%)). Symptoms increased from 4.0 (1.5-7.0) at euglycemia to 7.5 (5.0-11.0) during hypoglycemia ( P = .003). In response to hypoglycemia, the LF:HF ratio and RMSSD increased when normalized for data obtained during euglycemia (both P < .01). The LF:HF ratio increased in 6 participants (50%) and declined in one other participant (8%). The RMSSD decreased in 3 (25%) and increased in 4 (33%) participants. In 2 patients, no change in HRV could be detected in response to hypoglycemia. Conclusions: This study reveals that hypoglycemia-induced changes in HRV are retained in the majority of people with T1D and IAH, and that these changes can be detected by a wearable device. Real-time HRV seems usable for detection of hypoglycemia in patients with IAH.

scholarly journals Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine combined with Bordetella parapertussis vaccine

1962 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Köhler-Kubelka
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Production Test ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Bordetella Parapertussis ◽  
Cross Reactions ◽  
Combined Vaccine

Investigations carried out to ascertain the ability of various strains of Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis to produce agglutinins have shown that the agglutinin response is considerably greater with B. parapertussis.Children inoculated with a combined vaccine in which the parapertussis element contained B. parapertussis in only one-twelfth of the concentration of B. pertussis in the pertussis element showed agglutinins in their sera in titres well above 1:300 for both organisms. There were no cross-reactions and the serological responses were specific throughout. The vaccine used was the standard diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) prophylactic to which had been added a vaccine prepared from recently isolated strains of B. parapertussis.Agglutinin titres of both whooping cough components with the combined vaccine were somewhat lower in mice than was the case when monovalent vaccines were used, but they were considered to be satisfactory.It is suggested that the agglutination production test in mice could be used for the assessment of protective power of B. parapertussis vaccines against infection.I wish to thank Dr Ikić, director of the Institute of Immunology, Zagreb, who enabled me to perform all these examinations, further to Dr B. Mravunac and Dr Z. Radanov for having carried out vaccination in children and for the clinical examination of post vaccination reactions.

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