scholarly journals Association of PPLO infection and antibody response in rats and mice

1961 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth M. Lemcke
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
High Titre ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
High Degree

By means of a complement-fixation test of the sera of laboratory rats and mice, the immunological response of these animals to both naturally occurring and induced PPLO infections was determined, and the presence and extent of infection in the animals determined by culture.PPLO antibodies specific for the infecting strain were demonstrable in rats and mice from which PPLO were isolated.The amount of serum antibody rises with the extent and severity of the infection. Thus, young rats with PPLO infections confined to the nasopharynx had little or no antibody whereas the oldest rats with consolidated lungs had the highest titres. In mice too, the sera of those with pneumonia had the highest titres.The comparatively low titres found in rat bronchiectasis together with the failure to isolate PPLO from the spleen and other organs, suggest that the chronic form of the disease remains localized. This is in contrast to infections with rat polyarthritis and related PPLO in which the organisms can be isolated from the lymph nodes and other organs and in which antibody is present in high titre.In view of the high degree of correlation between the presence of antibodies to PPLO in the blood and the presence of PPLO in the tissue of rats and mice, it is suggested that specific antibody found in man is a significant indicator of PPLO infection.

Studies on resistance of sheep to infestation with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. and on the immunological reactions of sheep exposed to infestation. III. The antibody response to infestation with Trichostrongylus spp.

1950 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Relative Resistance ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Immunological Reactions

In infestation of sheep with Trichostrongylus spp., both the intake of larvae and infestation with adult worms stimulated the production of antibodies. The character of the antibody response in infestation with Trichostrongylus spp. thus differed from that caused by Haemonchus contortus. Sera of sheep dying from infestation with Trichostrongylus spp. were negative to the complement fixation test. It was found that older sheep responded serologically earlier and more vigorously to infestation with Trichostrongylus spp. than did young sheep. Subsequent doses of larvae of Trichostrongylus spp. elicited a more rapid and grester serological response, even in young sheep, than an initial dose of larvae. Previous infestation with H. contortus did not result in resistance to Trichostrongylus spp., whereas previous infestation with Trichostrongylus spp. heightened the resistance of sheep to subsequent infestation with the same species. It is concluded that the relative resistance of older sheep to Trichostrongylus spp. is due, a t least in part, to an earlier immunological response which is strengthened by subsequent doses of larvae. When infective larvae of Trichostrongylus spp. were superimposed upon an existing infestation of the same species, the egg count declined ;apidly and the development of the superimposed larvae resisted Doses of infective larvae of Trichostrongylus spp. had no apparent effect on the egg counts of sheep infested with H. contortus.

ANTIBODY RESPONSES TO NATURALLY OCCURRING POLIOMYELITIS INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-401
Author(s):  
C. Arden Miller ◽  
Jacqueline Baumeister
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
Antigenic Structure ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Serums collected over an 18-month period from children with a clinical diagnosis of poliomyelitis were studied by means of the complement fixation test. Test antigens were prepared from the nutrient fluid of tissue cultures infected with each of the 3 known types of poliomyelitis viruses. Results were compared with those obtained from neutralization tests on the same serums. The complement fixation test was of little diagnostic help in these patients; a high titer, a rise in titer, and a fall in titer were all inconstant findings. A complement fixing antibody titer persisting beyond 100 days was more indicative of the immunologic type of the infecting virus than any other feature of the complement fixing antibody response. The multitypic nature of the complement fixing antibody response was discussed in relation to the complex antigenic structure of poliomyelitis viruses.

scholarly journals A COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST FOR POLIOMYELITIS

1955 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie J. Schmidt ◽  
Edwin H. Lennette ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
Dual Infections

A macroscopic (tube) complement fixation test for poliomyelitis, using infected tissue culture fluids, is described. The test was applied to 27 individuals with a clinical diagnosis of poliomyelitis. In 18 patients it was possible to make a laboratory diagnosis of poliomyelitis on the basis of a rise in complement-fixing antibody titer and in 4 others on the basis of a high stationary antibody titer. One individual gave a high and equal antibody response to two virus types, 3 others had no detectable antibody, and 1 appeared not to have poliomyelitis. Heterotypic reactions were encountered, but gave little difficulty in interpreting homologous responses. In those patients from whom a virus had been recovered, the serologic findings corresponded to the virus type recovered. The possible occurrence of dual infections with the viruses of poliomyelitis and Western equine and St. Louis encephalitis is discussed.

Immunological response of rabbits to Toxocara canis infection

Parasitology ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Large Dose ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Precipitin Reaction ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
Constructive Criticism

Studies on immunological response of rabbits to Toxocara canis infection have been reported. It was observed that rabbits previously infected by two sublethal doses of 1200 infective ova each, with a 14-day interval between the two doses, acquired strong immunity to the effects of reinfestation induced by a large dose of infective ova, i.e. 100000. Post-mortem studies indicate that immunity is mainly directed against the migration of larvae to the lungs. The animals which resisted the effects of reinfestation showed an enhanced antibody response as shown by complement-fixation and agar-diffusion precipitin tests.The precipitin reaction in the sera of animals infected by oral and subcutaneous routes respectively was studied with three preparations of antigen, namely, saline extracts, boiled saline extracts of adult worms, and saline extracts of infective ova. It was observed that the extract of adult worms was deficient in a minimum of three antigenic components present in the extract of infective ova.It is a pleasure to thank Professor C. A. McGaughey for the facilities given for this study, Professor P. Seneviratna for his constructive criticism, and Messrs W. G. Senaratne and K. G. Karunaratne for technical assistance and the photo graphy respectively.

scholarly journals A localized outbreak of dengue fever in Kuala Lumpur: serological aspects

1957 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Gordon Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
High Titre ◽  
Inhibition Test ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Clear Identification ◽  
Serial Serum

1. Sera from an outbreak of about forty cases of dengue fever due to dengue-1 virus have been studied using the neutralization, haemagglutinin-inhibition, and complement-fixation tests.2. The neutralization test was the most specific and the complement-fixation test the least so.3. The neutralization test is essential for clear identification of the causal virus by serological means, and serial serum specimens from each patient must be examined.4. The haemagglutinin-inhibition test can be used to screen patients in outbreaks where some cases have been fully identified by neutralization tests.5. Homologous neutralizing antibodies persist in high titre for at least 30 weeks after infection, while heterologous antibodies have disappeared by that time.6. Both haemagglutinin-inhibiting and complement-fixing antibodies to homologous and heterologous viruses usually persist for at least 30 weeks, although the homologous titres tend to be highest.7. The implications of these findings in serological surveys are discussed.8. Some evidence suggesting the occurrence of inapparent infections during the epidemic is presented.I am greatly indebted to my staff for help with this work: especially to my senior technician, Che Ali bin Mohamed Amin, and to Che Mohamed bin Omar who drew the figures.

scholarly journals The use of new antigens in the complement-fixation test for acute poliomyelitis

1960 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Golda Selzer
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
City Hospital ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Acute Poliomyelitis

A complement-fixation test for acute poliomyelitis using unheated antigens derived from suckling mouse brain infected with poliovirus Type 1 or Type 2 is described.The results of tests in 62 patients clinically diagnosed as cases of acute poliomyelitis in a recent epidemic and in 26 controls are recorded.The CF tests were positive in 100% of 53 cases with poliovirus Type 1 and/or Type 2 in stool. A positive result was obtained in 23 (76%) of 30 cases whose sera were examined in the first 7 days of illness.Negative tests of the initial serum samples were found in 15 (28·5%) of 53 cases, but all these became positive in titres of 40 or 80 on testing of convalescent serum.In 31 (69%) of 45 cases whose sera were re-tested between the 3rd and 4th weeks of illness the CF antibody levels rose, reaching titres of 80 or 160 in most instances. Of the remaining 14 cases only one dropped in insignificant degree (from titre 320 to 160) and the 13 stationary results had been positive in titres of 40–160 on initial tests most of which were performed in the 2nd week of illness.Homotypic CF antibody response without crossing was found in 37 (71%) of 52 cases with Type 1 or Type 2 virus in stool. In the cases of crossing the heterotypic antibody response was either transient, diminishing or stationary in all and in only low titre in most instances.In 26 control cases there were seven positive CF tests, but one of these was nonspecific, five were in lowest titres, and one case appeared to have had recent poliomyelitis infection.Heating the antigens did not broaden the reaction. It caused only slight loss of potency except in two cases in which the CF titre increased substantially.The antigenic preparation described appears to be superior to antigens of other origin in the diagnosis of acute poliomyelitis by complement-fixation tests, as positive tests are recognized earlier in the illness and the titres are higher. Homotypic results were obtained in all cases and no instance of false negative occurred in this series.I would like to thank the medical staff of the Cape Town City Hospital for Infectious Diseases for the trouble taken in collecting stools and paired sera, and Prof. Kipps for his interest in this work. I am indebted to Miss Karin Larssen for valuable technical assistance.

scholarly journals THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF VIRUS INFECTIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1941 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Casals ◽  
R. Palacios
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ◽  
High Titre ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Louping Ill ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis

A specific complement fixation test can be obtained in various central nervous system virus infections by using as antigens emulsions of infected brain tissue, freezing and thawing the brain emulsion, and then centrifuging it in an angle head centrifuge at 3500 R.P.M. for 1 hour. The method has proved reliable in the case of rabies, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese B encephalitis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, Western equine encephalomyelitis, louping ill, and spontaneous encephalomyelitis of mice (Theiler's disease). The specificity of the reaction, regardless of the virus involved, requires different temperatures of inactivation of the sera according to animal species: 56°C. for guinea pig, 60°C. for mouse, and 65°C. for rabbit and dog sera, all heated for 20 minutes. For human sera a temperature of inactivation of 60°C. also for 20 minutes has been adopted; at this temperature the reaction is in general specific. Complement-fixing antibodies in high titre were found in the sera of rabbits, guinea pigs, mice, and dogs immunized with rabies virus. Complement-fixing antibodies were present in high titre in sera drawn from two persons 8 years after an attack of louping ill, from five persons 2½ years after an attack of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, and from two persons 2½ years after Western equine encephalomyelitis. In cases of St. Louis encephalitis and lymphocytic choriomeningitis, complement-fixing antibodies have been found shortly following infection but not after long periods.

Immunological Studies on Experimental Infection of Pigs withAscaris suumGoeze, 1782 I. An Introduction with a Review of the Literature and the Demonstration of Complement-fixing Antibodies in the Serum

1961 ◽  
Vol 35 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 319-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Taffs
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Pig Serum

1. An introduction to a study of immunity againstA. suumin the pig is given. A review of the literature on the life cycle, a note on terminology and a general discussion on immunity to helminths has also been included.2. By first removing the procomplementary activity of pig serum to guineapig complement with hydrochloric acid, it was possible to apply the complement fixation test to a study of the antibody response to experimental infection withA. suum.3. Using an alcoholic extract of uterus, oviducts and ovaries of the adult femaleAscarisworm as antigen, antibodies against this nematode were first detected in two experimentally infected pigs ten days after infection. A peak of antibody concentration from the thirteenth to the seventeenth day of infection was followed by a decline in the antibody content of the serum to the forty-first day; after which no antibody was detected.

scholarly journals The conglutination phenomenon. III. The conglutinating complement absorption test in experimental glanders

1947 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Hole ◽  
R. R. A. Coombs
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
Absorption Test ◽  
Serum Antibodies ◽  
Serum Antibody Titre ◽  
Detectable Serum

1. Observations on the sera of ponies, taken at frequent intervals for 321 days after oral administration of P. mallei, are described.2. It was found that the conglutinating complement absorption test was more sensitive than the haemolytic complement fixation test as a means of diagnosis. It detected the antibodies earlier in the course of the disease and demonstrated their presence over a longer period of time.3. The possibility of another practical use of this reaction as an adjunct to the allergic test is considered. Ten days after an intradermo-palpebral test a pony, which had been previously sensitized and whose serum antibody titre at that time was below 10, developed a serum titre of over 160 as demonstrated by the conglutinating complement absorption test. Under similar circumstances 11 unsensitized ponies developed no detectable serum antibodies.

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