Rubella serology: a comparison of four methods for exclusion of non-specific serum inhibitors

SUMMARYThe ability of the pyrogenic silica Aerosil 380Rto exclude non-specific serum inhibitors (NSI) of rubella virus haemagglutination was evaluated. The developed procedure was compared with the kaolin, heparin/MnCl2and dextran sulphate/CaCl2methods.Aerosil and kaolin were found superior for the elimination of non-specific inhibitors and high density lipoproteins (HDL). The other methods left NSI and HDL in a majority of the sera, occasionally in high titres. Aerosil seemed to be somewhat more efficient than kaolin in NSI and HDL exclusion. The Aerosil method offers the opportunity to detect sera with rubella antibody titres < 10. Among eight such sera, six were shown to contain rubella antibodies, while two were false positives.

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The occurrence of neutralizing and complement fixing antibodies in rubella

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400045927 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 409-421 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Anne M. Field

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Rubella Virus ◽

Complement Fixation ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Recent Infection ◽

England And Wales ◽

Congenital Rubella ◽

Antibody Titres ◽

Antibody Tests ◽

Rubella Antibody

Neutralization and complement-fixation tests to detect rubella antibody are described. Results of such tests show that between 80 and 95% of adults in England and Wales have neutralizing antibody. The presence of complement-fixing antibody indicates recent infection with rubella virus.Results are presented showing the development of neutralizing and complement-fixing antibody after rubella.Antibody tests on children with congenital rubella and their mothers are detailed. It is noted that higher neutralizing antibody titres are found in this group than in the general population.

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Rubella Virus Plague Neutralization Test…Description of Assay and Comparison with Alternative Rubella Antibody Determination after Vaccination…

Pediatrics International ◽

10.1111/j.1442-200x.1981.tb01648.x ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 362-367

Author(s):

Nobuhiko Okabe ◽

Wray Estes ◽

Peter F. Wright

Keyword(s):

Rubella Virus ◽

Neutralization Test ◽

Antibody Determination ◽

Rubella Antibody

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A potential krimpsiekte vaccine

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.4102/ojvr.v74i4.117 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 74 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

C.J. Botha ◽

J.E. Crafford ◽

V.P. Butler ◽

M.N. Stojanovic ◽

L. Labuschagne

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Bovine Serum Albumin ◽

Immunological Response ◽

The Other ◽

The Third ◽

Protein Conjugate ◽

Bovine Serum Albumin Conjugate ◽

Small Stock ◽

Antibody Titres ◽

Glycoside Poisoning

Krimpsiekte, a chronic form of cardiac glycoside poisoning, is an important plant-induced intoxication of small stock in South Africa. It is caused by cumulative, neurotoxic bufadienolides, such as cotyledoside. A cotyledoside-bovine serum albumin conjugate was synthesized to immunize animals. The efficacy of the cotyledoside-conjugate in inducing an immunological response was ascertained in rabbits (n = 4) and sheep (n = 4) by determining cotyledoside antibody titres with an ELISA using cotyledoside-hen ovalbumin as antigen. The formation of anticotyledoside antibodies was induced in both rabbits and sheep following immunization with the cotyledoside-protein conjugate. Protection provided by the vaccine was demonstrated by challenging sheep (n = 4) with repeated, daily doses of cotyledoside (0.015 mg / kg) administered intravenously, commencing 45 days after the initial vaccination. One control animal died on Day 3 of the challenge period and the other was severely affected after administration of the third cotyledoside dose. The immunized ewes (n = 2) remained clinically unaffected and the challenge was suspended following six daily injections. Vaccination as a means of preventing krimpsiekte seems to be quite feasible and deserves further investigation.

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Postnatal decline of maternally acquired viral antibodies of different specificities

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400021689 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 435-444 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. J. Cloonan ◽

R. A. Hawkes ◽

L. H. Stevens

Keyword(s):

Antibody Titre ◽

Half Life ◽

Influenza A ◽

High Antibody ◽

Serum Antibodies ◽

Rectangular Hyperbola ◽

Viral Antibodies ◽

Antibody Titres ◽

Type 3 ◽

Rubella Antibody

SUMMARYThe rates of decline (half-lives) of maternally acquired antibodies of two different specificities in a group of infants were found to be highly variable, ranging from 18 to 192 days for parainfluenza type 3 antibody (54 infants) and from 15 to 251 days for influenza A2 antibody (nine infants). For antibodies of both specificities approximately 75% of the half-lives were between 15 and 60 days. With parainfluenza type 3 antibody, and possibly with influenza A 2 antibody, the half-lives were inversely proportional to the initial antibody titre of the babies' sera. This relationship could be described by a rectangular hyperbola. Babies with high antibody titres at birth lost this antibody rapidly whereas in babies with low initial titres antibody declined over a longer period.The half-lives of parainfluenza type 3 antibody and influenza A 2 antibody were compared with that of rubella antibody in the same group of infants (previously published). Maternally acquired viral antibodies of different specificities did not necessarily decline at similar rates in any given child. In nine infants, maternally acquired antibodies of two different specificities (rubella and parainfluenza type 3) declined at significantly different rates in the same child. It is suggested that although the half-life of antibody of a given specificity is related to its concentration in the serum, it is independent of the level of serum antibodies of other specificities.

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The Use of Rivanol for the Removal of Non-Specific Inhibitors of Rubella Virus Heamag-Glutinin

Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1099/00222615-6-1-45 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 45-52

Author(s):

G. L. Toms ◽

A. Mostratos

Keyword(s):

Rubella Virus ◽

Specific Inhibitors

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Plasma apolipoproteins in Tangier disease, as studied with two-dimensional electrophoresis.

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/33.1.120 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 120-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

S Visvikis ◽

M F Dumon ◽

J Steinmetz ◽

T Manabe ◽

M M Galteau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

High Density Lipoproteins ◽

Major Protein ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Tangier Disease ◽

Two Dimensional Electrophoresis ◽

Isoelectric Points ◽

Molecular Masses ◽

Dimensional Electrophoresis ◽

Homozygous Patient

Abstract Tangier disease is characterized by a deficiency of high-density lipoproteins and of their major protein constituent, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I. We used high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis to examine the principal plasma apolipoproteins (A-I, A-II, A-IV, E, C-II, and C-III) of three persons with Tangier disease, one homozygous patient and his two heterozygous children, comparing the patterns with those for healthy subjects. Characteristic abnormalities were found in the distribution of the isoproteins of apo A-I, there being a normal concentration of pro apo A-I but dramatically decreased concentrations of the other apo A-I isoproteins. We also found hitherto-undescribed polypeptide abnormalities in apo C-III: sialylated and nonsialylated forms of apo C-III appear as double spots having the same isoelectric points but different molecular masses. No other substantial difference was detected in the polypeptide distribution of the other plasma apolipoproteins.

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Selective Inhibition of Platelet Agglutination and Aggregation by Aromatic Amidino Compounds

10.1055/s-0039-1680564 ◽

1977 ◽

Author(s):

J. D. Geratz ◽

R. R. Tidwell ◽

K. M. Brinkhous ◽

S. F. Mohammad

Keyword(s):

Selective Inhibition ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Human Platelets ◽

The Other ◽

Future Studies ◽

Bovine Plasma ◽

Inhibitory Activities ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Ristocetin Cofactor ◽

Specific Inhibitors

A series of aromatic amidino compounds were investigated for their inhibitory effect on platelet agglutination and platelet aggregation. Agglutination of fresh or fixed human platelets was produced by bovine plasma or by human plasma in combination with ristocetin, while aggregation of fresh platelets was induced by ADP, thrombin or collagen. Highly effective inhibitors were found for both types of platelet clumping, but there was no parallelism between the inhibitory activities in the two test systems.5-(5-Amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)-2-(4-hydroxybenzene)benzimidazole suppressed agglutination exclusively. Pentamidine, on the other hand, strongly blocked the aggregation reactions, but did not interfere with agglutination, even at high concentrations. Compounds which inhibited aggregation also prevented the liberation of serotonin from the platelets.This investigation has led to the identification of new specific inhibitors of platelet agglutination and aggregation which can serve an important role in future studies of the two processes. The exact mode of interaction between ami dines and platelets is still being explored.. In the case of agglutination, inhibition most likely occurred at the level of binding of ristocetin cofactor to the platelet membrane. In the case of aggregation, however, interference could have taken place at the membranes or in the cytoplasm and could have been enzymatic or non-enzymatic in nature.

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Antibody against viruses in maternal and cord sera: non-specific inhibitors are found to higher titre on the maternal side of the circulation

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400064536 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 297-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. D. Griffiths ◽

D. Girdhar ◽

S. Fisher-Hoch ◽

M. W. Race ◽

R. B. Heath

Keyword(s):

Specific Antibody ◽

Rubella Virus ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

The Difference ◽

Specific Inhibitors ◽

Maternal Igg ◽

Maternal Side

SummaryPregnancies were identified in which maternal IgG antibodies against rubella virus were not detectable by single radial haemolysis. Twenty paired maternal/cord sera were then tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) activity against rubella virus without kaolin pretreatment of the sera. In the absence of specific antibody, the HI activity observed could thus be ascribed to the effect of non-specific inhibitors. The HI activity in maternal sera was significantly (P < 0·001) higher than that in cord sera. The 20 pairs of sera were similarly tested against a bunyavirus, an alphavirus and a flavivirus, both with and without kaolin pretreatment. The results showed non-specific inhibitors were found to higher titre in maternal sera, with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0·001) for each of the three viruses.

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