scholarly journals The occurrence of neutralizing and complement fixing antibodies in rubella

1967 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. Field
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Antibody Tests ◽  
Rubella Antibody

Neutralization and complement-fixation tests to detect rubella antibody are described. Results of such tests show that between 80 and 95% of adults in England and Wales have neutralizing antibody. The presence of complement-fixing antibody indicates recent infection with rubella virus.Results are presented showing the development of neutralizing and complement-fixing antibody after rubella.Antibody tests on children with congenital rubella and their mothers are detailed. It is noted that higher neutralizing antibody titres are found in this group than in the general population.

scholarly journals Rubella serology: a comparison of four methods for exclusion of non-specific serum inhibitors

1981 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Traavik ◽  
O. Spanne ◽  
S. Mennen
Keyword(s):  
Rubella Virus ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Dextran Sulphate ◽  
Specific Serum ◽  
Pyrogenic Silica ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Rubella Serology ◽  
Specific Inhibitors ◽  
Rubella Antibody

SUMMARYThe ability of the pyrogenic silica Aerosil 380Rto exclude non-specific serum inhibitors (NSI) of rubella virus haemagglutination was evaluated. The developed procedure was compared with the kaolin, heparin/MnCl2and dextran sulphate/CaCl2methods.Aerosil and kaolin were found superior for the elimination of non-specific inhibitors and high density lipoproteins (HDL). The other methods left NSI and HDL in a majority of the sera, occasionally in high titres. Aerosil seemed to be somewhat more efficient than kaolin in NSI and HDL exclusion. The Aerosil method offers the opportunity to detect sera with rubella antibody titres < 10. Among eight such sera, six were shown to contain rubella antibodies, while two were false positives.

scholarly journals Para-influenza 2 virus infections in adult volunteers

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Taylor-Robinson ◽  
M. L. Bynoe
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Johns Hopkins University ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Adult Volunteers

Twenty-eight adult volunteers were inoculated intranasally with para influenza 2 virus and eight developed illnesses; twenty-eight volunteers were given flanks' saline and one became ill. The illnesses occurred in volunteers given between 2 × 104 and 2 × 106 TCD 50 of virus. The most prominent symptoms were sore throat, nasal stuffiness and coryza; four of the eight volunteers had sufficient coryza to be regarded as having mild colds. Although only eight volunteers had clinical evidence of infection, twenty-four had laboratory evidence of infection as judged by virus re-isolation or antibody response. Neutralization, haemagglutination-inhibition and complement-fixation tests on paired sera showed that sixteen individuals had a fourfold or greater antibody response by one or more tests including five of the eight volunteers who were ill. Twenty volunteers, including seven who were ill, had reciprocal neutralizing antibody titres of eight or more before inoculation of virus so it seems that the illnesses were due to re infection in the presence of antibody. Evidence is presented which suggests that although illnesses occurred in the presence of antibody they were due to the para influenza 2 virus and not some other agent in the inoculum. The results of these experiments seem to fulifi the third of Koch's postulates for para-influenza 2 virus as a cause of respiratory disease in adults.We wish to thank Dr P. A. J. Tyrreil for his advice during the course of this work and in the preparation of the manuscript. We also thank Dr K. V. Shah (The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A.) for help in some of the early experiments and Miss B. Ridgwell for valuable technical assistance.

RUBELLA ANTIBODY DETERMINATIONS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 789-797
Author(s):  
John L. Sever ◽  
David A. Fuccillo ◽  
Gary L. Gitnick ◽  
Robert J. Huebner ◽  
Mary Ruth Gilkeson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Complete Agreement ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Rubella Antibody

Four methods were used to determine rubella antibody titers in patients with acquired and congenital rubella and in gamma-globulin. These methods include hemagglutination inhibition (HI), neutralization (Neut), fluorescence (FA), and complement fixation (CF). With acquired rubella, all four methods showed a rapid development of antibody shortly after the occurrence of rash. Maximum titers appeared within a few weeks, following which HI and CF titers began to decrease and the FA tests showed a weakening of fluorescence. HI titers were four- to sixteenfold higher than Neut, FA, and CF levels. Ten or 20 years after rubella, HI, Neut, and FA tests continued to show detectable antibody but half of the patients no longer had CF antibody. HI titers were still higher than Neut and FA but were considerably lower than convalescent levels. There was complete agreement between HI and Neut tests in the detection of antibody in young adults. For congenital rubella, HI, Neut, and FA antibody persisted in the affected children at least through adolescence. HI and CF antibody increased occasionally during the period 8 to 12 months after birth. Gamma-globulin titers with the HI and Neut methods were in close agreement. Convalescent rubella gamma-globulin gave titers two- to fourfold higher than standard commercial gamma-globulin. Variations in the HA and HI tests were caused by modification of the method of treatment of the antigen, the concentration of red cells used, the size of the test (macro versus micro), the pH of the test, and the treatment of sera. The most significant effects were related to the treatment used to eliminate nonspecific inhibitors in the sera. Improper treatment can give false negative or false positive tests. When properly performed and appropriately controlled, the HI test gives results essentially identical to the Neut method, although the titers are consistently higher than the Neut test. This new method, then, is rapid and convenient for obtaining reliable information on the antibody status and susceptibility of patients.

scholarly journals Coronavirus antibody titres in sera of healthy adults and experimentally infected volunteers

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Bradburne ◽  
B. A. Somerset
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Virus Strain ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Apparent Increase ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Heterologous Antibody

SUMMARYSix coronaviruses isolated in the U.S.A. have been inoculated into volunteers and all produced colds. Between 10 and 20 % of infected volunteers developed heterologous antibody responses after these and other experimental infections with coronaviruses. The haemagglutination-inhibition test with the OC43 virus strain was found to detect antibody rises after infection with a variety of strains.Studies on normal adult sera taken between 1965 and 1970 revealed a high frequency of neutralizing antibody to one strain (229E) and a frequency of HI antibody to strain OC43 which fluctuated from year to year. Complement-fixing antibodies to these two viruses were also found, revealing an apparent increase in the activity of coronaviruses in the general population of the U.K., during the winter of 1968–9.

scholarly journals Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a rubella outbreak, Romania, 2011 to 2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (38) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihaela Lazar ◽  
Emily Abernathy ◽  
Min-hsin Chen ◽  
Joseph Icenogle ◽  
Denisa Janta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Congenital Rubella ◽  
History Of ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Virus Strains ◽  
Rubella Antibody

We describe a rubella outbreak that occurred in Romania between September 2011 and December 2012. During this period 24,627 rubella cases, 41.1% (n=10,134) of which female, were notified based on clinical criteria, and a total of 6,182 individuals were found serologically positive for IgM-specific rubella antibody. The median age of notified cases was 18 years (range: <1–65) and the most affected age group 15 to 19 years (n=16,245 cases). Of all notified cases, 24,067 cases (97.7%) reported no history of vaccination. Phylogenetic analysis of 19 sequences (739 nucleotides each), from 10 districts of the country revealed that the outbreak was caused by two distinct rubella virus strains of genotype 2B, which co-circulated with both temporal and geographical overlap. In addition to the 6,182 IgM-positive rubella cases, 28 cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) were identified, including 11 neonatal deaths and one stillbirth. The outbreak underscores the need to encourage higher vaccination uptake in the population, particularly in women of reproductive age, and to strengthen epidemiological and laboratory investigations of suspected rubella cases. Genetic characterisation of wild-type rubella virus is an essential component to enhance surveillance and here we report rubella virus sequences from Romania.

scholarly journals Insights into neutralizing antibody responses in individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. eabe6855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Beltrán-Pavez ◽  
Sebastián Riquelme-Barrios ◽  
Aarón Oyarzún-Arrau ◽  
Aracelly Gaete-Argel ◽  
Roxana González-Stegmaier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Neutralization Activity ◽  
Future Studies

Chile has one of the worst numbers worldwide in terms of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases and COVID-19–related deaths per million inhabitants; thus, characterization of neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses in the general population is critical to understanding of immunity at the local level. Given our inability to perform massive classical neutralization assays due to the scarce availability of BSL-3 facilities in the country, we developed and fully characterized an HIV-based SARS-CoV-2 pseudotype, which was used in a 96-well plate format to investigate NAb responses in samples from individuals exposed to SARS-CoV-2 or treated with convalescent plasma. We also identified samples with decreased or enhanced neutralization activity against the D614G spike variant compared with the wild type, indicating the relevance of this variant in host immunity. The data presented here represent the first insights into NAb responses in individuals from Chile, serving as a guide for future studies in the country.

scholarly journals Retrospective Seroepidemiology study of dengue virus infection in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Hsuan Lee ◽  
Yu-Chia Hsieh ◽  
Chih-Jung Chen ◽  
Tzou-Yien Lin ◽  
Yhu-Chering Huang
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Dengue Virus Infection ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Seropositive Rate ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Dengue virus infection has been an important and serious public health concern in Taiwan, where local outbreaks of dengue fever occurred almost every year. To our knowledge, no nationwide investigation has been carried out to determine the actual extent of infection in the general population. Methods A total of 1308 random serum samples were collected from the general population in Taiwan in 2010. The antibody-captured enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect DENV-specific IgM and IgG. Demographics data were used for risk analysis. Results The weighted overall seroprevalence was 1.96% for anti-DENV IgM, and 3.4% for anti-DENV IgG, respectively. A significant rise of DENV IgG seropositive rate had been noted since late adulthood stage, from 1.1% at the age group of 50–59 years to 7.6% at the age group of 60–69 years. For people aged over 70 years, the seropositive rate reached 19%. Age, nationality, and regions of residency were associated with the IgG seropositivity. There was no statistically significant difference in seroprevalence of anti-Dengue IgM, indicating recent infection, among univariate predictors we proposed, including gender, age, residency, nationality, and household size. Conclusions Our results indicated that the majority of population in Taiwan born after 1940 is naive to dengue virus and the prevalence of IgG antibody against dengue virus rises with age. Nationality, and regions of residency are associated with the exposure of population to infection by dengue viruses. Further studies are needed to realize the current situation of seroprevalence of dengue fever in Taiwan.

scholarly journals Antibody responses in buffalos immunized with Clostridium perfringens beta and epsilon toxoids

2001 ◽  
Vol 46 (No. 9–10) ◽  
pp. 241-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rahman M ◽  
K. Baek B ◽  
T. Hong S ◽  
H. Lee J
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Group A ◽  
And Control

The antibody responses to toxoids were measured to investigate whether&nbsp;Clostridium perfringens&nbsp;beta and epsilon toxoids induced protective humoral immune responses in buffalos. Total of 24 buffalos were divided into 4 groups (n&nbsp;= 6), beta toxoid, epsilon toxoid, combination and control groups. These buffalo groups were administered each of the designated toxoids. Immunizations in the beta and epsilon toxoid groups induced strong antibody responses. The neutralizing antibody titres from the beta and epsilon toxoid groups were equally log101.2 on day 21 after inoculation whereas there was no antibody titre detected from the control group. A statistically significant (P&nbsp;&lt; 0.01) increase in antibody titre was observed from day 0 to day 14 and 21 after inoculation. The antibody production did not vary significantly due to day of inoculation and toxoid interactions.

scholarly journals Postnatal decline of maternally acquired viral antibodies of different specificities

1971 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Cloonan ◽  
R. A. Hawkes ◽  
L. H. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
High Antibody ◽  
Serum Antibodies ◽  
Rectangular Hyperbola ◽  
Viral Antibodies ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Rubella Antibody

SUMMARYThe rates of decline (half-lives) of maternally acquired antibodies of two different specificities in a group of infants were found to be highly variable, ranging from 18 to 192 days for parainfluenza type 3 antibody (54 infants) and from 15 to 251 days for influenza A2 antibody (nine infants). For antibodies of both specificities approximately 75% of the half-lives were between 15 and 60 days. With parainfluenza type 3 antibody, and possibly with influenza A 2 antibody, the half-lives were inversely proportional to the initial antibody titre of the babies' sera. This relationship could be described by a rectangular hyperbola. Babies with high antibody titres at birth lost this antibody rapidly whereas in babies with low initial titres antibody declined over a longer period.The half-lives of parainfluenza type 3 antibody and influenza A 2 antibody were compared with that of rubella antibody in the same group of infants (previously published). Maternally acquired viral antibodies of different specificities did not necessarily decline at similar rates in any given child. In nine infants, maternally acquired antibodies of two different specificities (rubella and parainfluenza type 3) declined at significantly different rates in the same child. It is suggested that although the half-life of antibody of a given specificity is related to its concentration in the serum, it is independent of the level of serum antibodies of other specificities.

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