Effect of drinking water fluoridation on the prevalence of otosclerosis

1997 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eero Vartiainen ◽  
Terttu Vartiainen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Chart Review ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Fluoride Content ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Residential History

AbstractThe effect of drinking water fluoridation on the prevalence of clinical otoscierosis was investigated in an area where the natural waters have a very low fluoride content. The methods included a retrospective chart review and a residential history questionnaire. Only subjects born between 1948 and 1962 were included. In this age group, the prevalence of clinical otosclerosis was found to be 0.35 per cent of persons exposed to fluoridated tap water and 0.32 per cent of those consuming fluoride-poor water. It seems that a sodium fluoride intake of 1 to 3 mg daily cannot prevent the development of clinical otosclerosis in a lowfluoride area.

An Evaluation of the Effects of Elevated Body Mass Index on Skeletal Age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. French ◽  
Michael S. Kung ◽  
W. Nathan Holmes ◽  
Hossein Aziz ◽  
Evelyn S. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chart Review ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Skeletal Age ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hand Radiographs

Abstract BackgroundMany treatment decisions in children’s Orthopaedics are based on age. This study determined whether a discrepancy between chronological age (CA) and skeletal age (SA) is dependent on BMI and if overweight or obese children would have an advanced SA.Materials and Methods120 children between ages 8-17 with an adequate hand radiograph and a correlating BMI were enrolled by retrospective chart review. Stratification based on age, sex, ethnicity, and BMI percentile was performed. For each age group, 6 males and 6 females were selected with 50% of each group having an elevated BMI. Two blinded physicians independently evaluated hand radiographs and recorded the SA. Statistical analyses evaluated inter-rater reliability and any discrepancy between groups.ResultsThe final statistical analysis included 96 children. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient for SA determined by the two reviewers was excellent at 0.95. A difference of 13 months was found between CA and SA in the elevated BMI cohort versus the non-elevated BMI cohort, (p<0.001). No significant difference was seen between CA and SA for the non-elevated cohort (p=0.72), while matching for age and sex. ConclusionChronological age and skeletal age are not always equivalent especially in pediatric patients who are overweight or obese.

scholarly journals Is Orally Administered Pentobarbital a Safe and Effective Alternative to Chloral Hydrate for Pediatric Procedural Sedation?

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 460-465
Author(s):  
Jordan Anderson ◽  
Sevilay Dalabih ◽  
Esma Birisi ◽  
Abdallah Dalabih
Keyword(s):  
Chart Review ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Airway Complications ◽  
Adequate Sedation

OBJECTIVES Chloral hydrate had been extensively used for children undergoing sedation for imaging studies, but after the manufacturer discontinued production, pediatric sedation providers explored alternative sedation medications. Those medications needed to be at least as safe and as effective as chloral hydrate. In this study, we examined if pentobarbital is a suitable replacement for chloral hydrate. METHODS Subjects who received pentobarbital were recruited from a prospectively collected database, whereas we used a retrospective chart review to study subjects who received chloral hydrate. Sedation success was defined as the ability to provide adequate sedation using a single medication. We included electively performed sedations for subjects aged 2 months to 3 years who received either pentobarbital or chloral hydrate orally. We excluded subjects stratified as American Academy of Anesthesiologists category III or higher and those who received sedation for electroencephalogram. The data collected captured subject demographics and complications. RESULTS Five hundred thirty-four subjects were included in the final analysis, 368 in the chloral hydrate group and 166 in the pentobarbital group. Subjects who received pentobarbital had a statistically significant higher success rate [136 (82%) vs 238 (65%), p &lt; 0.001], but longer sleeping time (18.1% vs 0%, p &lt; 0.001) in all age groups. Subjects who received chloral hydrate had a higher risk of airway complications in the &lt;1 year of age group (6.5% vs 1.8%, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS For pediatric patients younger than 3 years of age undergoing sedation for imaging studies, oral pentobarbital may be at least as effective and as safe as chloral hydrate, making it an acceptable and practical alternative.

scholarly journals Naturally occurring iodine in humic substances in drinking water in Denmark is bioavailable and determines population iodine intake

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stig Andersen ◽  
Klaus M. Pedersen ◽  
Finn Iversen ◽  
Steen Terpling ◽  
Peter Gustenhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Iodine intake is important for thyroid function. Iodine content of natural waters is high in some areas and occurs bound in humic substances. Tap water is a major dietary source but bioavailability of organically bound iodine may be impaired. The objective was to assess if naturally occurring iodine bound in humic substances is bioavailable. Tap water was collected at Randers and Skagen waterworks and spot urine samples were collected from 430 long-term Randers and Skagen dwellers, who filled in a questionnaire. Tap water contained 2 μg/l elemental iodine in Randers and 140 μg/l iodine bound in humic substances in Skagen. Median (25; 75 percentile) urinary iodine excretion among Randers and Skagen dwellers not using iodine-containing supplements was 50 (37; 83) μg/24 h and 177 (137; 219) μg/24 h respectively (P < 0·001). The fraction of samples with iodine below 100 μg/24 h was 85·0 % in Randers and 6·5 % in Skagen (P < 0·001). Use of iodine-containing supplements increased urinary iodine by 60 μg/24 h (P < 0·001). This decreased the number of samples with iodine below 100 μg/24 h to 67·3 % and 5·0 % respectively, but increased the number of samples with iodine above 300 μg/24 h to 2·4 % and 16·1 %. Bioavailability of iodine in humic substances in Skagen tap water was about 85 %. Iodine in natural waters may be elemental or found in humic substances. The fraction available suggests an importance of drinking water supply for population iodine intake, although this may not be adequate to estimate population iodine intake.

scholarly journals Dietary Fluoride Intake by Children: When to Use a Fluoride Toothpaste?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5791
Author(s):  
Adriano Casaglia ◽  
Maria Antonietta Cassini ◽  
Roberta Condò ◽  
Flavia Iaculli ◽  
Loredana Cerroni
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Fluoride Content ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Fluoride Toothpaste ◽  
Fluoride Intake ◽  
Student’S T

Fluoride is recommended for its cariostatic effect, but excessive fluoride intake may have health risks. Increased prevalence of dental fluorosis in areas with low fluoride content in drinking water has been attributed to the inappropriate excessive intake of fluoride supplements (tablets and drops) and toothpaste ingestion. The aim of the present study was to estimate the fluoride intake and the risk of fluorosis in children (6 months–6 years) in the Castelli Romani area (province of Rome, Italy), which is volcanic, therefore with a higher concentration of fluorine. Measurements of the fluoride content in drinking water, mineral waters, vegetables and commercial toothpaste for children were performed. The fluoride concentrations of all samples were determined using a Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode (GLP 22, Crison, Esp). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Differences between samples were determined by Student’s t-test. The fluoride content in tap water samples collected from public sources averaged from 0.35 to 1.11 ppm. The Pavona area showed the highest content of fluoride with respect to the others (p ≤ 0.05). The fluoride content in mineral water samples averaged from 0.07 to 1.50 ppm. The fluoride content of some vegetables showed increased mean values when compared to control vegetables (p ≤ 0.05). Within the limitations of the present study, considerations should be made when prescribing fluoride toothpaste for infants (6 months–4 years) in the areas with high fluoride content, because involuntary ingestion is consistent.

scholarly journals Urinary Fluoride Levels among Canadians with and without Community Water Fluoridation

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6203
Author(s):  
Julia K. Riddell ◽  
Ashley J. Malin ◽  
Hugh McCague ◽  
David B. Flora ◽  
Christine Till
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Tea Consumption ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Community Water ◽  
Urinary Fluoride ◽  
Community Water Fluoridation ◽  
Water Fluoride ◽  
Age And Sex

Drinking water is a major source of dietary fluoride intake in communities with water fluoridation. We examined the association between urinary fluoride adjusted for specific gravity (UFSG) and tap water fluoride levels, by age and sex, among individuals living in Canada. Participants included 1629 individuals aged 3 to 79 years from Cycle 3 (2012–2013) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey. We used multiple linear regression to estimate unique associations of tap water fluoride levels, age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), use of fluoride-containing dental products, smoking in the home, and tea consumption with UFSG. UFSG concentration was significantly higher among participants who received fluoridated drinking water (mean = 1.06 mg/L, standard deviation = 0.83) than among those who did not (M = 0.58 mg/L, SD = 0.47), p < 0.01. UFSG increased over adulthood (ages 19 to 79). Higher UFSG concentration was associated with being female, tea drinking, and smoking in the home. In conclusion, community water fluoridation is a major source of contemporary fluoride exposure for Canadians. Lifestyle factors including tea consumption, as well as demographic variables such as age and sex, also predict urinary fluoride level, and are therefore important factors when interpreting population-based fluoride biomonitoring data.

scholarly journals Fluoride Content in Drinking Water and the Health Implications of Fluoride-Rich Water Consumption: An Overview of the Situation in Canada and Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ochuko Orakpoghenor ◽  
Talatu Patience Markus ◽  
Meshack Inotu Osagie ◽  
Paul Terkende Hambesha
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Fluoride Content ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Dental Decay ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
Common Chronic Disease ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Water Fluoride ◽  
Recommended Level

Fluoride is an inorganic monatomic anion of fluorine and forms part of essential reagents used by the chemical industry. It occurs naturally in several minerals and in trace quantities in water. Fluoride has been used to prevent tooth decay and in the treatment of osteoporosis. Extensive research has consistently demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of fluorides in the prevention of dental caries following the practice of water fluoridation. Despite these benefits, fluorides pose danger as an endocrine disruptor thus, affecting bones, brain, thyroid gland, pineal gland and blood sugar levels. In Canada, water fluoridation remains a contentious issue although dental decay constitutes the most common chronic disease. However, several Canadians are receiving the benefits of water fluoridation and about 1% have access to naturally fluoridated water. In Nigeria, the prevalence of dental caries has been documented to be greatly reduced following fluoridation of public water supplies in areas where the condition was endemic. Fluoride is therefore the only medicine added to public water, and at the recommended level, fluoride is safe and effective in the reduction of dental decay and poses no risk for health problems. Hence, this article highlighted fluoride content in drinking water and the health implications of consuming fluoride-rich water with a focus on the situation in Canada and Nigeria.

scholarly journals A rare cause of tonsil mass in a child: Lymphoid polyp

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 2050313X1668883
Author(s):  
Hongzhao Ji ◽  
Seckin O Ulualp ◽  
Anita Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Chart Review ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Palatine Tonsil ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Pediatric Age ◽  
Acute Tonsillitis ◽  
Palatine Tonsils ◽  
Pediatric Age Group ◽  
Mass Lesions

Objective: Solitary mass lesions of the palatine tonsils are rare in children. While a tonsillar mass can be concerning for a neoplasm, benign conditions may present with a mass arising from the surface of the palatine tonsils in children. We describe clinical and histopathological characteristics of a lymphoid polyp in a child with unilateral tonsillar mass. Methods: Retrospective chart review. Results: A 6-year-old girl presented for evaluation of recurrent acute tonsillitis and a mass on the left palatine tonsil. A pedunculated mass with the base attached to the left palatine tonsil was observed. The mass was completely removed by tonsillectomy. The final diagnosis was lymphoid polyp. Conclusion: Pediatricians, otolaryngologists, and pathologists should be aware of the occurrence of tonsillar lymphoid polyp in the pediatric age group.

Associations between Household Water Fluoridation Status and Plain Tap or Bottled Water Consumption

2020 ◽  
pp. 238008442096041
Author(s):  
M. Lin ◽  
S.O. Griffin ◽  
S. Park ◽  
C. Li ◽  
V. Robison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Fluoride Content ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Community Water ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Community Water Fluoridation ◽  
Water Fluoride

Introduction: The benefits of community water fluoridation for preventing dental caries are attenuated if people do not consume tap water. Objectives: We examined associations between household water fluoride content and consuming plain tap or bottled water among US youth. Methods: We used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data for 2013 to 2016 for 5,193 youth aged 2 to 19 y. Fluoride content in youth’s household tap water samples was measured electrometrically with ion-specific electrodes and designated low (<0.6 mg/L) or about optimal (0.6 to 1.2 mg/L). Plain tap and bottled water consumption was obtained from one 24-h dietary recall. We used binomial regression models to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) and 95% CIs for consuming plain tap water (including tap only or both tap and bottled) and consuming only bottled water as related to household water fluoride content (low or about optimal) and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: On a given day, 52.6% of youth consumed plain tap water (43.8% exclusively and 8.8% both tap and bottled) and 28%, only bottled water. Neither tap water (APR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.10) nor only bottled water (APR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.22) consumption was associated with household water fluoride content. Non-Hispanic Black youth and Hispanic youth were about 30% relatively less likely to consume tap water and 60% to 80% relatively more likely to consume only bottled water than non-Hispanic Whites. Low income, low parental education, and no past-year dental visit were associated with not consuming tap water. Conclusion: Half of youth consumed plain tap water on a given day. Consuming plain tap water was not associated with community water fluoridation status. This study is the first to find that up to 50% of the population served by fluoridated water may not receive its full caries-preventive benefits due to not consuming plain tap water. Knowledge Transfer Statement: Half of US youth consumed plain tap water on a given day. Consuming plain tap water was not associated with community water fluoridation status. This finding suggests that up to 50% of the population served by fluoridated water systems may not receive its full caries-preventive benefits due to not consuming plain tap water. Our findings add support for the need to identify and address barriers to tap water consumption and promote health benefits of fluoridation.

scholarly journals Fluoride exposure and indicators of thyroid functioning in the Canadian population: implications for community water fluoridation

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 1019-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M Barberio ◽  
F Shaun Hosein ◽  
Carlos Quiñonez ◽  
Lindsay McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Fluoride Exposure ◽  
Community Water ◽  
Community Water Fluoridation ◽  
Tsh Levels ◽  
Dental Products

BackgroundThere are concerns that altered thyroid functioning could be the result of ingesting too much fluoride. Community water fluoridation (CWF) is an important source of fluoride exposure. Our objectives were to examine the association between fluoride exposure and (1) diagnosis of a thyroid condition and (2) indicators of thyroid functioning among a national population-based sample of Canadians.MethodsWe analysed data from Cycles 2 and 3 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). Logistic regression was used to assess associations between fluoride from urine and tap water samples and the diagnosis of a thyroid condition. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between fluoride exposure and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level (low/normal/high). Other available variables permitted additional exploratory analyses among the subset of participants for whom we could discern some fluoride exposure from drinking water and/or dental products.ResultsThere was no evidence of a relationship between fluoride exposure (from urine and tap water) and the diagnosis of a thyroid condition. There was no statistically significant association between fluoride exposure and abnormal (low or high) TSH levels relative to normal TSH levels. Rerunning the models with the sample constrained to the subset of participants for whom we could discern some source(s) of fluoride exposure from drinking water and/or dental products revealed no significant associations.ConclusionThese analyses suggest that, at the population level, fluoride exposure is not associated with impaired thyroid functioning in a time and place where multiple sources of fluoride exposure, including CWF, exist.

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