The Origins of the South Atlantic War

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN ARQUILLA ◽  
MARÍA MOYANO RASMUSSEN
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Military Effectiveness ◽  
The South ◽  
Crisis Bargaining ◽  
Diversionary War ◽  
Organisational Factors ◽  
The Impact

The most widely-accepted views of the origins of the South Atlantic War contend that it arose either out of the Argentine junta's need to divert attention away from a worsening economy or from misperceptions in both London and Buenos Aires. This article argues that the ‘demobilisation’ of Argentine civil society removed the need for a diversionary war; and that the lengthy crisis bargaining that followed in the wake of the ‘grab’ of the Falklands/Malvinas Islands substantially mitigated the impact of any misperceptions. This article advances an alternative to existing theories that explains the outbreak of this war by reference to both structural and organisational factors. A fast decreasing gap in relative power between Argentina and Britain may have encouraged the junta more seriously to consider the possibility of initiating a war between the two. Thereafter, however, the organisational pathologies of the Argentine military led to a suboptimally timed preemptive invasion, intransigent diplomacy and a ‘hedged’ approach to deployments that severely undermined Argentina's military effectiveness, allowing Britain to undertake reconquest of the islands with a very reasonable chance of success.

The impact of mesoscale eddies on the phytoplankton community in the South Atlantic Ocean: HPLC-CHEMTAX approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 154-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andréa da Consolação de Oliveira Carvalho ◽  
Carlos Rafael B. Mendes ◽  
Rodrigo Kerr ◽  
José Luiz Lima de Azevedo ◽  
Felippe Galdino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Mesoscale Eddies ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
South Atlantic Ocean ◽  
The South ◽  
The Impact

Variability of the atmospheric electric field in the South Atlantic marine boundary layer from the SAIL campaign

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Barbosa ◽  
Mauricio Camilo ◽  
Carlos Almeida ◽  
Guilherme Amaral ◽  
Nuno Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Atmospheric Electric Field ◽  
Surface Ionization ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
The South ◽  
Near Surface

<p>The marine boundary layer offers a unique opportunity to investigate the electrical properties of the atmosphere, as the effect of natural radioactivity in driving near surface ionization is significantly reduced over the ocean, and the concentration of aerosols is also typically lower than over land. This work addresses the temporal variability of the atmospheric electric field in the South Atlantic marine boundary layer based on measurements from the SAIL (Space-Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions in the marine boundary Layer) project. The SAIL monitoring campaign took place on board the Portuguese navy tall ship NRP Sagres during its circumnavigation expedition in 2020.  Two identical field mills (CS110, Campbell Scientific) were installed on the same mast but at different heights (about 5 and 22 meters), recording the atmospheric electric field every 1-second. Hourly averages of the atmospheric electric field are analyzed for the ship’s leg from 3<sup>rd</sup> to 25<sup>th</sup> March, between Buenos Aires (South America) and Cape Town (South Africa). The median daily curve of the electric field has a shape compatible with the Carnegie curve, but significant variability is found in the daily pattern of individual days, with only about 30% of the days exhibiting a diurnal pattern consistent with the Carnegie curve.</p>

scholarly journals The impact of the subtropical South Atlantic SST on South American precipitation

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3457-3476 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Taschetto ◽  
I. Wainer
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Empirical Orthogonal Functions ◽  
Convergence Zone ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sst Anomalies

Abstract. The Community Climate Model (CCM3) from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is used to investigate the effect of the South Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on interannual to decadal variability of South American precipitation. Two ensembles composed of multidecadal simulations forced with monthly SST data from the Hadley Centre for the period 1949 to 2001 are analysed. A statistical treatment based on signal-to-noise ratio and Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) is applied to the ensembles in order to reduce the internal variability among the integrations. The ensemble treatment shows a spatial and temporal dependence of reproducibility. High degree of reproducibility is found in the tropics while the extratropics is apparently less reproducible. Austral autumn (MAM) and spring (SON) precipitation appears to be more reproducible over the South America-South Atlantic region than the summer (DJF) and winter (JJA) rainfall. While the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) region is dominated by external variance, the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) over South America is predominantly determined by internal variance, which makes it a difficult phenomenon to predict. Alternatively, the SACZ over western South Atlantic appears to be more sensitive to the subtropical SST anomalies than over the continent. An attempt is made to separate the atmospheric response forced by the South Atlantic SST anomalies from that associated with the El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Results show that both the South Atlantic and Pacific SSTs modulate the intensity and position of the SACZ during DJF. Particularly, the subtropical South Atlantic SSTs are more important than ENSO in determining the position of the SACZ over the southeast Brazilian coast during DJF. On the other hand, the ENSO signal seems to influence the intensity of the SACZ not only in DJF but especially its oceanic branch during MAM. Both local and remote influences, however, are confounded by the large internal variance in the region. During MAM and JJA, the South Atlantic SST anomalies affect the magnitude and the meridional displacement of the ITCZ. In JJA, the ENSO has relatively little influence on the interannual variability of the simulated rainfall. During SON, however, the ENSO seems to counteract the effect of the subtropical South Atlantic SST variations on convection over South America.

scholarly journals Moored observations of mesoscale features in the Cape Basin: characteristics and local impacts on water mass distributions

Ocean Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 923-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Kersalé ◽  
Tarron Lamont ◽  
Sabrina Speich ◽  
Thierry Terre ◽  
Remi Laxenaire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Mass ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
The South ◽  
Mesoscale Dynamics ◽  
Cape Basin ◽  
Independent Observations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The eastern side of the South Atlantic Meridional overturning circulation Basin-wide Array (SAMBA) along 34.5° S is used to assess the nonlinear, mesoscale dynamics of the Cape Basin. This array presently consists of current meter moorings and bottom mounted Current and Pressure recording Inverted Echo Sounders (CPIES) deployed across the continental slope. These data, available from September 2014 to December 2015, combined with satellite altimetry allow us to investigate the characteristics and the impact of mesoscale dynamics on local water mass distribution and cross-validate the different data sets. We demonstrate that the moorings are affected by the complex dynamics of the Cape Basin involving Agulhas rings, cyclonic eddies and anticyclonic eddies from the Agulhas Bank and the South Benguela upwelling front and filaments. Our analyses show that exchange of water masses happens through the advection of water by mesoscale eddies but also via wide water mass intrusions engendered by the existence of intense dipoles. These complex dynamics induce strong intra-seasonal upper-ocean velocity variations and water mass exchanges between the shelf and the open ocean but also across the subantarctic and subtropical waters. This work presents the first independent observations comparison between full-depth moorings and CPIES data sets within the eastern South Atlantic region that gives some evidence of eastern boundary buoyancy anomalies associated with migrating eddies. It also highlights the need to continuously sample the full water depth as inter-basin exchanges occur intermittently and affect the whole water column.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal patterns of C : N : P ratios in the northern Benguela upwelling system

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 885-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Flohr ◽  
A. K. van der Plas ◽  
K.-C. Emeis ◽  
V. Mohrholz ◽  
T. Rixen
Keyword(s):  
N2 Fixation ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Subtropical Gyre ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
The South ◽  
Upwelling System ◽  
Benguela Upwelling ◽  
Bottom Waters ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. On a global scale the ratio of fixed nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) is characterized by a deficit of N with regard to the classical Redfield ratio of N : P = 16 : 1 reflecting the impact of N loss occurring in the oceanic oxygen minimum zones. The northern Benguela upwelling system (NBUS) is known for losses of N and the accumulation of P in sub- and anoxic bottom waters and sediments of the Namibian shelf resulting in low N : P ratios in the water column. To study the impact of the N : P anomalies on the regional carbon cycle and their consequences for the export of nutrients from the NBUS into the oligotrophic subtropical gyre of the South Atlantic, we measured dissolved inorganic carbon (CT), total alkalinity (AT), oxygen (O2) and nutrient concentrations in February 2011. The results indicate increased P concentrations over the Namibian shelf due to P efflux from sediments resulting in a C : N : P : -O2 ratio of 106 : 16 : 1.6 : 138. N reduction further increase C : N and reduce N : P ratios in those regions where O2 concentrations in bottom waters are < 20 μmol kg−1. However, off the shelf along the continental margin, the mean C : N : P : -O2 ratio is again close to the Redfield stoichiometry. Additional nutrient data measured during two cruises in 2008 and 2009 imply that the amount of excess P, which is created in the bottom waters on the shelf, and its export into the subtropical gyre after upwelling varies through time. The results further reveal an inter-annual variability of excess N within the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) that flows from the north into the NBUS, with highest N values observed in 2008. It is postulated that the N excess in SACW occurred due to the impact of remineralized organic matter produced by N2 fixation and that the magnitude of excess P formation and its export is governed by inputs of excess N along with SACW flowing into the NBUS. Factors controlling N2 fixation north of the BUS need to be addressed in future studies to better understand the role of the NBUS as a P source and N sink in the coupled C : N : P cycles.

scholarly journals Remote Influence of the Tropical Atlantic on the Variability and Trend in North West Australia Summer Rainfall

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 2408-2420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongda Lin ◽  
Yun Li
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Rossby Wave ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Tropical Atlantic ◽  
Rainfall Trend ◽  
The South ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosols ◽  
North West ◽  
Westerly Jet ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Rainfall in North West Australia (NWA) has been increasing over the past decades, occurring mainly in the austral summer season (December–March). A range of factors such as decreased land albedo in Australia and increasing anthropogenic aerosols in the Northern Hemisphere, identified using simulations from climate models, have been implicated in this wetting trend. However, the impact of land albedo and aerosols on Australian rainfall remains unclear. In addition, previous studies showed that dominant sea surface temperature (SST) signals in the Pacific–Indian Ocean including El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), ENSO Modoki, and the Indian Ocean dipole mode have no significant impact on the NWA rainfall trend. The present study proposes another viewpoint on the remote influence of tropical Atlantic atmospheric vertical motion on the observed rainfall variability and trend in NWA. It is found that, with the atmospheric ascent instigated by the warming of SST over the tropical Atlantic, a Rossby wave train is emanating southeastward from off the west coast of subtropical South America to the midlatitudes of the South Atlantic Ocean. It then travels eastward embedded in the westerly jet waveguide over the South Atlantic and South Indian Oceans. The eastward-propagated Rossby wave induces an anticyclonic anomaly in the upper troposphere over Australia, which is at the exit of the westerly jet waveguide. This leads to an in situ upper-tropospheric divergence, ascending motion and a lower-tropospheric convergence, and the associated increase in rainfall in NWA. Thus, the increasing trend in atmospheric upward motion induced by the warming trend of SST in the tropical Atlantic may partially explain the observed rainfall trend in NWA.

Reproducibility of South American Precipitation due to Subtropical South Atlantic SSTs

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 2835-2851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andréa S. Taschetto ◽  
Ilana Wainer
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Internal Variability ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
The South ◽  
Potential Predictability ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This work investigates the reproducibility of precipitation simulated with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) forced by subtropical South Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. This represents an important test of the model prior to investigating the impact of SSTs on regional climate. A five-member ensemble run was performed using the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model, version 3 (CCM3). The CCM3 was forced by observed monthly SST over the South Atlantic from 20° to 60°S. The SST dataset used is from the Hadley Centre covering the period of September 1949–October 2001; this covers more than 50 yr of simulation. A statistical technique is used to determine the reproducibility in the CCM3 runs and to assess potential predictability in precipitation. Empirical orthogonal function analysis is used to reconstruct the ensemble using the most reproducible forced modes in order to separate the atmospheric response to local SST forcing from its internal variability. Results for reproducibility show a seasonal dependence, with higher values during austral autumn and spring. The spatial distribution of reproducibility shows that the tropical atmosphere is dominated by the underlying SSTs while variations in the subtropical–extratropical regions are primarily driven by internal variability. As such, changes in the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) region are mainly dominated by internal atmospheric variability while the ITCZ has greater external dependence, making it more predictable. The reproducibility distribution reveals increased values after the reconstruction of the ensemble.

scholarly journals The Impact of ENSO on the South Atlantic Subtropical Dipole Mode

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2691-2705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina R. Rodrigues ◽  
Edmo J. D. Campos ◽  
Reindert Haarsma
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Dipole Mode ◽  
The South ◽  
Atmospheric Variability ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
Enso Events ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Leading Mode ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The impact of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the South Atlantic subtropical dipole mode (SASD) is investigated using both observations and model simulations. The SASD is the dominant mode of coupled ocean–atmosphere variability in the South Atlantic. This study focuses on austral summer, when both ENSO and SASD peak. It is shown that negative SASD events are associated with central Pacific El Niño events by triggering the Pacific–South American wave train (PSA). The latter resembles the third leading mode of atmospheric variability in the Southern Hemisphere (PSA2) and causes a weakening and meridional shift of the South Atlantic subtropical high, which then generates the negative SASD events. On the other hand, a strengthening of the South Atlantic subtropical high related to central La Niña teleconnections causes positive SASD events. The results herein show that the PSA2, triggered by central Pacific ENSO events, connects the tropical Pacific to the Atlantic. This connection is absent from eastern Pacific ENSO events, which appear to initiate the second leading mode of atmospheric variability in the Southern Hemisphere (PSA1). It is for this reason that previous studies have found weak correlations between ENSO and SASD. These findings can improve the climate prediction of southeastern South America and southern Africa since these regions are affected by sea surface temperature anomalies of both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.

The impact of diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica in patients with MS: a 10-year follow-up of the South Atlantic Project

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina M Papais-Alvarenga ◽  
Claudia CF Vasconcelos ◽  
Soniza V Alves-Leon ◽  
Elizabeth Batista ◽  
Claudia MM Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
The South ◽  
The Impact

Background: It is recognized that there is a particular geographic and ethnic distribution of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) among Caucasian and non-Caucasian populations. Objective: To review the diagnoses of patients whom were enrolled in the South Atlantic Project, a Brazilian multiple sclerosis (MS) survey performed from 1995–1998, and to identify NMO and MS case frequencies. Methods: We reviewed the data from a 10-year follow-up of MS patients. To apply the current diagnostic criteria, the neurologists were asked to collect clinical and laboratory data from the medical records of study patients treated from 1999–2009. Results: The spectrum of inflammatory demyelinating disease in 322 patients (67% white; 33% African-Brazilian) was: 49 (15%) with NMO; 14 (4%) with NMO syndromes; 10 (3%) with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM); one isolated tumefactive brain lesion; 249 (77%) with MS (151 with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS), 70 with secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and 27 with primary progressive MS (PPMS)). Disability was more severe in NMO and PPMS. One-third of the NMO patients had died. Conclusions: The frequency of NMO was 6.8% in São Paulo and 20.5% in Rio de Janeiro, and mainly seen in persons of African descent, which strengthens the hypothesis of there being an ethnic association of this disease. We recommend that epidemiological studies on MS that were performed previously be reviewed again, to ensure more accurate diagnoses.

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