Falls and rises: meanings and universals

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Cruttenden
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Second World War ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
World War ◽  
Discourse Function ◽  
The Real ◽  
Second World

The study of intonation has gone through phases in which it has been fashionable to ascribe the meaning of intonation to one particular sort of function.1 Most traditionally that function has been grammatical (see, e.g., the earliest British attempts at intonation analysis (e.g. Butler, 1634) and many recent textbooks on English language teaching). More recently (i.e. since the second world war), speakers' attitude has often been taken as most important (e.g. Pike, 1945; Kingdon, 1958). In the light of current fashion, the discourse function is often seen as most important (e.g. Brazil,, 1975, 1978; Pilch, 1977).I argue in this article that intonation operates with its own set of meanings which are of higher abstraction than those of grammar, attitude or discourse; and that it is only at a lower level that these meanings of higher abstraction become relevant to one or more of these functions (in so far as the functions can in any case be clearly separated). Such a hypothesis is relevant to the question of how intonation is acquired by children (where the real problem for investigators has always been WHAT exactly is being acquired). It is also important to questions of cross-dialectal intonational translation (whether across social or regional boundaries) and also to possible intonation universals.

The Nonviolent Struggle for Indian Freedom, 1905-19

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hardiman
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Passive Resistance ◽  
Civil Resistance ◽  
Political Concept ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
Moral Stance

Much of the recent surge in writing about the practice of nonviolent forms of resistance has focused on movements that occurred after the end of the Second World War, many of which have been extremely successful. Although the fact that such a method of civil resistance was developed in its modern form by Indians is acknowledged in this writing, there has not until now been an authoritative history of the role of Indians in the evolution of the phenomenon.The book argues that while nonviolence is associated above all with the towering figure of Mahatma Gandhi, 'passive resistance' was already being practiced as a form of civil protest by nationalists in British-ruled India, though there was no principled commitment to nonviolence as such. The emphasis was on efficacy, rather than the ethics of such protest. It was Gandhi, first in South Africa and then in India, who evolved a technique that he called 'satyagraha'. He envisaged this as primarily a moral stance, though it had a highly practical impact. From 1915 onwards, he sought to root his practice in terms of the concept of ahimsa, a Sanskrit term that he translated as ‘nonviolence’. His endeavors saw 'nonviolence' forged as both a new word in the English language, and as a new political concept. This book conveys in vivid detail exactly what such nonviolence entailed, and the formidable difficulties that the pioneers of such resistance encountered in the years 1905-19.

Karl Friedrich Schinkel

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
English Language ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Urban Planner ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Personal Archives ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
Second World

Karl Friedrich Schinkel (b. Neuruppin, 1781–d. Berlin, 1841) was a celebrated Prussian architect, theatre set designer, artist, furniture and object designer, urban planner, and civil servant. Born into modest yet respectable circumstances as the son of a deacon, Schinkel, by virtue of his talent and work ethic, rose in his own lifetime to become one of Prussia’s most celebrated cultural figures and its chief royal architect. He worked mostly in Berlin and its surrounding territories, including in some areas that are now part of Poland. His built works suffered heavy destruction during the Second World War, but important examples still survive or have been reconstructed, including the Altes Museum, the Friedrich-Werder Church, the Theatre (Schauspielhaus), and the New Guardhouse in Berlin, as well as the Charlottenhof and Glienicke Palaces in nearby Potsdam. His paintings, drawings, and personal archives can be found mostly in collections in and around Berlin, including at various departments of the Berlin State Museums. Recent debates have surrounded the potential reconstruction of Schinkel’s celebrated masterpiece, the Berlin Bauakademie (which was demolished in 1962), bringing a consciousness of Schinkel’s legacy to the fore in German public life once again. Despite his fame in Germany and his noted status as a reference-point for German avant-garde modernism, Schinkel’s work has remained under-explored in the English language (with some notable exceptions) due to difficulties accessing both his buildings and his archives in the years between the Second World War and German reunification. Since the 1990s, however, Schinkel’s international reputation has been steadily restored due to the efforts of a number of scholars and curators who have sought to disseminate his work more widely than ever before. Schinkel’s oeuvre is as eclectic as the tools and media he employed to realize it are versatile. They reveal traces of neoclassicism and the neogothic, French Enlightenment formalism, German Romanticism and Idealism, and 19th-century historicism. But at the same time, his work resists absolute categorization, by virtue of the fact that he lived and worked suspended between two epochs: he was born too late to be immersed in the worldview of the 18th-century Enlightenment and French Revolution, but nor did he live to see Germany’s development as a fully industrialized and unified nation. Occupying this ambiguous historical moment has given Schinkel’s work a versatility, a freedom, and an inquiring rigor that has assured its originality and enduring value.

When George met Bill: Orwell, Empson, and the Language of Propaganda

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Stefan Collini
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
English Language ◽  
Second World War ◽  
George Orwell ◽  
Fake News ◽  
World War ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Basic English ◽  
Second World

George Orwell and William Empson worked closely together at the BBC during the Second World War and they remained friends thereafter. In The Structure of Complex Words (1951) Empson paid surprisingly serious attention to the view of language expounded in Nineteen Eighty-Four, seeing in Orwell's presentation of the meaningless slogans of totalitarianism, such as “War Is Peace,” a challenge to his own more rationalistic analysis of how language works. This article first explores the development of Orwell's thinking about language, including his engagement with Basic English (which Empson helped to propagate); a particularly close, and critical, analysis is given of his celebrated essay “Politics and the English Language.” Orwell's views are then contrasted with Empson's unpacking of the interplay of multiple senses within individual words, demonstrating that even the most extreme propaganda statements need to draw upon and respect the mechanics of meaning as embodied in such words if they are to be persuasive. Intellectual historians have much to learn from these exchanges, as do contemporary analysts of “fake news” and authoritarian bombast more generally.

Krieg auf Kosten anderer. Wehrmachtfinanzierung in Griechenland während des Zweiten Weltkriegs / War at the Expence of Others Financing the „Wehrmacht“ in Greece during the Second World War

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-59
Author(s):  
Jürgen Kilian
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ww Ii ◽  
Greek Economy ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Government ◽  
Second World

Abstract After Greece had been conquered by the troops of the Axis Powers in spring 1941, they installed a rule of occupation existing until october 1944. The Government in Athens had to finance this occupation by making payments in advance and besides, making a forced credit available. This method led to an exorbitant overloading of the Greek economy and to a galloping inflation. The German Tax and Finance Ministry played an important, yet hardly noticed role as to the concrete implementation of the monetary exploitation. Almost unknown documents throw a light on the financing of the German Wehrmacht during WW II. Besides, the real burden on the Greek economy shall be estimated and connected with the general questions of war financing in the Third Reich.

scholarly journals The Neo-Colonial Political Economy of Scholarly Publishing: Its UK-US Origins, Maxwell’s Role, and Implications for Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Eve Gray
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Scholarly Publishing ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Academic Publishing ◽  
German Language ◽  
World War ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

The prevailing dynamics of today’s global scholarly publishing ecosystem were largely established by UK and US publishing interests in the years immediately after the Second World War. With a central role played by publisher Robert Maxwell, the two nations that emerged victorious from the war were able to dilute the power of German-language academic publishing—dominant before the war—and bring English-language scholarship, and in particular English-language journals, to the fore. Driven by intertwined nationalist, commercial, and technological ambitions, English-language academic journals and impact metrics gained preeminence through narratives grounded in ideas of “global” reach and values of “excellence”—while “local” scholarly publishing in sub-Saharan Africa, as in much of the developing world, was marginalised. These dynamics established in the post-war era still largely hold true today, and need to be dismantled in the interests of more equitable global scholarship and socio-economic development.

scholarly journals World-Historical Trends: Salvation or Catastrophe?!

2018 ◽  
pp. 17-36
Author(s):  
O. Shmorgun
Keyword(s):  
Current System ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
The Real ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
The Social ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
Regional Associations ◽  
Second World

The article shows the stadium-civilization origins of the current system of global quasi-liberal monetarism (neo-liberalism) as an ideological basis of the social system, which is caused by a numberof socio-economic crises, including the financial collapse of the late ХХ – early ХХІ century. The fundamental inability of such a model of global development to overcome the fundamental destructivetrends, which sharply increased after the Second World War, was substantiated. The real meaning of various technologically deterministic social utopias, which from the positions of post-industrialtechnological determinism also offer various recipes to overcome global problems of our time is revealed. It is shown that the real staged alternative to the crisis mainstream, aimed at humanizing themodern world, should be based on radical reformatting of the current global trend towards the revival of the national state on the basis of the restoration of ethno-national identity in its cultural and socialand economic dimensions, as well as radical reformatting of various regional associations , including the EU, on the basis of a cumulative functional complement of national and supra-state institutesopposite only superficially inconsistent to global cosmopolitism and ethnoreligious fundamentalism.

‘Alarmist stories and defeatist views’: Censorship and morale in India during the Second World War

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-264
Author(s):  
Devika Sethi
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
The Press ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Second World

This article identifies three loci of the British colonial state’s anxiety about communication of news and views in India during the Second World War: its own officials (and their families); the press (both English language and vernacular); and the Indian public. It explores war-time dilemmas of the state with regard to censorship of both news and rumour, and it discusses the central paradox of censorship in colonial India during war-time.

scholarly journals A Survey of Grammar Instruction from Scholastic Perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanghua Peng
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Grammar Instruction ◽  
The Real ◽  
Language Teaching And Learning

The study of grammar has been paid much attention and the grammar instruction becomes an emphasis and key problem in English language teaching and learning. How to instruct students grammar appropriately becomes controversial for some English teachers increasingly. Some linguistics, theorist and teachers hold that the grammar instruction should be taught traditionally and normally. There should be a standard in classroom instruction. However, others argue that grammar instruction should be approached scholastically, especially in cultural or religious practice since scholastic grammar is of great essence in language itself. On the basis of the theories of second language teaching and learning and acquisition and the viewpoints of Otto. Jespersen and H. Poutsma about scholastic grammar, this paper conducts a survey of grammar instruction at colleges and universities and analyzes the real conditions of grammar instruction from scholastic perspective and finds that it is necessary to reconsider the role of grammar instruction and enhance its importance in English teaching and learning. Finally, the paper ends with a conclusion about the deficit of scholastic grammar at colleges and universities and some implications of grammar instruction in the real English language teaching and learning. The survey put forward a basis and reference for Chinese education system especially for liberal education and humanistic quality.

Gandhi's Newspaperman: T. G. Narayanan and the quest for an independent India, 1938–46

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-501
Author(s):  
SUBIN PAUL ◽  
DAVID DOWLING
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
English Language ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Indian National Army ◽  
Indian War ◽  
Second World

AbstractThe expansion of the colonial public sphere in India during the 1930s and 1940s saw the nation's English-language press increasingly serve as a key site in the struggle for freedom despite British censorship. This article examines the journalistic career of T. G. Narayanan, the first Indian war correspondent and investigative reporter, to understand the role of English-language newspapers in India's quest for independence. Narayanan reported on two major events leading to independence: the Bengal famine of 1943 and the Second World War. Drawing on Michael Walzer's concept of the ‘connected critic’, this research demonstrates that Narayanan's journalism fuelled the Indian nationalist movement by manoeuvring around British censors to publicize and expand Mahatma Gandhi's criticism of British rule, especially in light of the famine and war. His one departure from the pacifist leader, however, was his support of Indian soldiers serving in the Indian National Army and British Army.

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