The H. A. Nicholson Collection of Paleozoic stenolaemate bryozoans: comparison of cladistic and phenetic classifications

1994 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 978-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Pachut ◽  
Robert L. Anstey ◽  
Alan S. Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
Evolutionary Studies ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Systematic Relationships ◽  
Taxonomic Assignments

Until the late 1960's, most of Nicholson's types of Paleozoic bryozoans were not available for study. We present a set of coded characters of many of Nicholson's types, which should assist in bringing his species into conformity with current taxonomic standards so that his species can be consistently recognized and used in biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic, and evolutionary studies.Cladistic and phenetic analyses of these species permit comparisons between inferred phylogenies of Nicholson specimens, adaptive morphospace, and treatise-based systematic relationships. Specimen-based cladistic and phenetic analyses of Nicholson's species both produce clusters that are congruent with existing family-level taxonomic assignments of species in the collection. However, cladistic analysis more fully retrieves the pattern of branching, or degree of relatedness, among higher taxa. Phenetic clusters represent adaptive peaks in morphospace for these specimens, but higher level “phenons” are strongly affected by multiple evolution of the same character states.

Late Silurian—early Devonian biogeography, provincialism, evolution and extinction

1985 ◽  
Vol 309 (1138) ◽  
pp. 323-339 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Late Devonian ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Early Devonian ◽  
Marine Benthos ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
Coal Deposits ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Biotic Events ◽  
Adaptive Radiations ◽  
Extinction Events

There is increasing marine to continental regression from the latest Silurian until the latter half of the early Devonian, when a major transgressive trend is initiated which achieves its maximum in the later middle Devonian and late Devonian. Data suggest a relatively high climatic gradient, but no evidence favouring continental, sea-level glaciation during the late Silurian-early Devonian. Arid climate evidence (marine evaporites, calcretes) shows a well-developed arid belt. Coal deposits are lacking before the late Devonian. Palaeogeography of the time interval is disputed, largely owing to the use of different classes of data - remanent magnetic, lithological, biogeographical. I employ a pangaeic reconstruction because it fits the available lithological and biogeographical data comfortably, but I am under no illusions about its being the ‘correct’ palaeogeography. Rate of phyletic evolution of marine benthos speeds up during the time interval owing to a steadily increasing level of provincialism, that is, cutting up biogeographical entities into smaller entities with consequent smaller populations. There are no major marine adaptive radiations, nor evidence for any marked extinction events during the interval. Few family level and higher taxa become extinct during this time interval; such units as the halysitid corals, pentamerinid brachiopods, and graptoloid graptolites are exceptional. Few adaptive radiations, such as those of the ammonoids and terebratuloids occur during the interval. The absence of other major biotic events during the interval is consistent with its position well within ecologic—evolutionary unit VI (A. J. Boucot, J. Paleont . 57, 1-30, 1983).

scholarly journals Nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenomics of the Diplostomoidea and Diplostomida (Digenea, Platyhelminthes)1

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean A. Locke ◽  
Alex Van Dam ◽  
Monica Caffara ◽  
Hudson Alves Pinto ◽  
Danimar López-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Rapid Radiation ◽  
Mt Dna ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Genome Phylogeny ◽  
Mt Genome ◽  
A New Species

AbstractHigher systematics within the Digenea, Carus 1863 have been relatively stable since a phylogenetic analysis of partial nuclear ribosomal markers (rDNA) led to the erection of the Diplostomida Olson, Cribb, Tkach, Bray, and Littlewood, 2003. However, recent mitochondrial (mt) genome phylogenies suggest this order might be paraphyletic. These analyses show members of two diplostomidan superfamilies are more closely related to the Plagiorchiida La Rue, 1957 than to other members of the Diplostomida. In one of the groups implicated, the Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886, a recent phylogeny based on mt DNA also indicates the superfamily as a whole is non-monophyletic. To determine if these results were robust to additional taxon sampling, we analyzed mt genomes from seven diplostomoids in three families. To choose between phylogenetic alternatives based on mt genomes and the prior rDNA-based topology, we also analyzed hundreds of ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) assembled from shotgun sequencing. The Diplostomida was paraphyletic in the mt genome phylogeny, but supported in the UCE phylogeny. We speculate this mitonuclear discordance is related to ancient, rapid radiation in the Digenea. Both UCEs and mt genomes support the monophyly of the Diplostomoidea and show congruent relationships within it. The Cyathocotylidae Mühling, 1898 are early diverging descendants of a paraphyletic clade of Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886, in which were nested members of the Strigeidae Railliet, 1919; the results support prior suggestions that the Crassiphialinae Sudarikov, 1960 will rise to the family level. Morphological traits of diplostomoid metacercariae appear to be more useful for differentiating higher taxa than those of adults. We describe a new species of Cotylurus Szidat, 1928, resurrect a species of Hysteromorpha Lutz, 1931, and find support for a species of Alaria Schrank, 1788 of contested validity. Complete rDNA operons are provided as a resource for future studies.

scholarly journals Early-Middle Ordovician cephalopods from Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen – a pelagic fauna with Laurentian affinities

2021 ◽  
Vol 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Kröger ◽  
Alexander Pohle
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Niche Differentiation ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Independent Evidence ◽  
Middle Ordovician ◽  
Cosmopolitan Species ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
Sampling Intervals

The collection of cephalopods from eight sampling horizons within the Olenidsletta Member, Valhallfonna Formation, Floian–Dapingian, from Profilstranda and nearby Profilbekken, Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen, resulted in the detection of 31 species, 20 genera, and 12 families from the Ellesmerocerida, Endocerida, Riocerida, Dissidocerida, Orthocerida, Tarphycerida, and Oncocerida. Of these, five genera (Ethanoceras gen. nov., Hinlopoceras gen. nov., Nyfrieslandoceras gen. nov., Olenidslettoceras gen. nov., Svalbardoceras gen. nov.) and 19 species (Bactroceras fluvii sp. nov., Buttsoceras buldrebreenense sp. nov., Cycloplectoceras hinlopense sp. nov., Cyclostomiceras profilstrandense sp. nov., Deltoceras beluga sp. nov., Eosomichelinoceras borealis sp. nov., Ethanoceras solitudines gen. et sp. nov., Hemichoanella occulta sp. nov., Hinlopoceras tempestatis gen. et sp. nov., H. venti gen. et sp. nov., Lawrenceoceras ebenus sp. nov., L. larus sp. nov., Litoceras profilbekkenense sp. nov., Nyfrieslandoceras bassleroceroides gen. et sp. nov., Olenidslettoceras farmi gen. et sp. nov., Protocycloceras minor sp. nov., Proterocameroceras valhallfonnense sp. nov., Svalbardoceras sterna gen. et sp. nov., S. skua gen. et sp. nov.) are new. The diagnoses of the Cyptendoceratidae, Bactroceratidae and of Deltoceras Hyatt, 1894 are emended. Well preserved early growth stages in several species are remarkable. Turnover between the sampling horizons and between sampling intervals is high. The differences in composition, diversity and evenness of the assemblages are interpreted as reflecting changing depth and oxygenation depositional bottom conditions. The co-occurrence of endemic and cosmopolitan species is interpreted as resulting from a high vertical niche differentiation and from eustatically generated lateral shifts of facies zones. Based on calculations of phragmocone implosion depths, depositional depths of 50–130 m are plausible for the Olenidsletta Member, supporting independent evidence from biomarker signatures. Several cephalopod species of the Olenidsletta Member represent odd mosaics of morphological features of previously known cephalopods which cannot be unambiguously assigned to one of the existing cephalopod higher taxa. Results from a cladistic analysis shed new light on the early evolution of the Oncocerida and Orthocerida.

A phylogenetic analysis of the isopod family Janiridae (Crustacea)

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
GDF Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Heuristic Search ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Tail Probability ◽  
Search Algorithms ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Data Set ◽  
New Family ◽  
Heuristic Search Algorithms ◽  
Family Level ◽  
The Impact

A phylogeny of the isopod family Janiridae and genera from presumptive outgroups, Acanthaspidiidae, Joeropsididae and Microparasellidae is estimated. Characters were gathered from the published literature, and assembled into a data matrix for cladistic analysis. The data, when evaluated with heuristic search algorithms, yielded eight most-parsimonious trees, none of which supported the monophyly of the Janiridae. To evaluate the impact of homoplasy, characters with a rescaled consistency less than 0.1 were deleted, resulting in four somewhat different trees that were non-monophyletic for the janirids. With the smaller data set, trees supporting janirid monophyly were 10 steps longer. A permutation tail probability test found substantially more hierarchical information in the janirid data set than in randomised data. Internal topologies of the shortest trees were evaluated as hypotheses for new family-level groups, although new family-level classifications cannot be proposed at this time owing to insufficient evidence. The Janiridae therefore cannot be considered monophyletic.

Biogeographic and ecologic perspective on polycystine radiolarian evolution

Paleobiology ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Casey ◽  
Cynthia R. Wigley ◽  
Ana Maria Perez-Guzmán
Keyword(s):  
Water Mass ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Peripheral Part ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Early Neogene ◽  
Ecological Pressure

Polycystine radiolarians axe the most widely distributed (geographically and geologically) of the well-preserved microzooplankton. To correctly interpret the tempo and mode of radiolarian microevolution, speciation and macroevolution, the zoogeography and ecological niches of extant, and paleozoogeography and paleoecological niches of extinct subspecies, species and higher taxa of the studied lineages should be carefully considered. Such studies of the Stichocorys and Lamprocyrtis lineages suggest that allopatric speciation as peripheral isolates is important. Sympatric speciation is also a possible mode of evolution in these lineages. Hybridization may play a role in the evolution of one subspecies and one species. Allopatrically evolved subspecies and species require some time to inhabit their maximum geographical range after evolving in an isolated and peripheral part of that “environment,” whereas the supposedly sympatrically evolved forms do not. Cooling trends and water mass reorganization may be related to the speciation events. Similar, but much less controlled, studies on a macroevolutionary scale (evolution above the species level, essentially the “family” level) suggest that there have been about half a dozen periods of major adaptive breakthroughs resulting in quantum, or macro, evolution. Global coolings and the initiations of “new” cold-water spheres and related water masses appear to have allowed these macroevolutionary steps during the Ordovician, Devonian-Carboniferous, Permian, and early Neogene. Ecological pressure from diatoms and planktonic foraminiferans appears to have been related to macroevolutionary events bounding the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition.

A phylogenetic reassessment of the monophyletic status of the family Soleidae, with comments on the suborder Soleoidei (Pisces; Pleuronectiformes)

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2797-2810 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Chapleau ◽  
Allen Keast
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anatomical Data ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level

This article presents the phylogenetic conclusions of an osteological study of species belonging to the subfamilies (Soleinae and Achirinae) of the dextral flatfish family Soleidae (Pieuronectiformes; Soleoidei). A cladistic analysis of the data revealed that the subfamilies, but not the family, are monophyletic. The Soleinae were found to be more closely related to the other soleoid family, the Cynoglossidae, than to the Achirinae. If we accept the principle that only monophyletic groups are to be admitted into Linnean classification, it is suggested that the two subfamilies be raised to the family level. The anatomical data led to the proposal (with caution) that the sister group of the achirid–soleid–cynoglossid lineage is the pleuronectid subfamily Samarinae. Consequently, it is suggested that the suborder Soleoidei be eliminated by incorporating its three families into the Pleuronectoidei which becomes monophyletic. Also, it is proposed that the Pleuronectid subfamilies (Pleuronectinae, Poecilopsettinae, Paralichthodinae, Rhombosoleinae, Samarinae) be raised to the family level. However, since the monophyletic status of these taxa is dubious (except for the Samarinae) any hypothesis including them must await a proper cladistic analysis of their intra- and inter-relationships.

The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera)

Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1180 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRADLEY J. SINCLAIR ◽  
JEFFREY M. CUMMING
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
The Family

A cladistic analysis of the Empidoidea and basal lineages of the Cyclorrhapha, based on morphological characters, confirms the monophyly of both groups as well as that of the                    Eremoneura. The resulting final trees are used to revise the classification of the Empidoidea to include the following five families: Empididae, Hybotidae, Atelestidae (including Nemedininae n. subfam.), Brachystomatidae rev. stat. (comprising the subfamilies Brachystomatinae, Ceratomerinae and Trichopezinae), and Dolichopodidae s.lat. The family Microphoridae is not recognized, and the Microphorinae and Parathalassiinae are assigned to the Dolichopodidae s.lat. The Dolichopodidae s.str. includes 15 subfamilies that were previously recognized within the family. Within the Empidoidea we found support for Atelestidae as the sister group to the Hybotidae and for the monophyly of Parathalassiinae + Dolichopodidae s.str. The Empididae remains poorly defined and the genera Homalocnemis Philippi, Iteaphila Zetterstedt, Anthepiscopus Becker, and Oreogeton Schiner are classified as incertae sedis within the                   Empidoidea. In addition, the following higher taxa are proposed: Symballophthalmini n. tribe, Bicellariini n. tribe, Oedaleinae rev. stat., and Trichininae rev. stat., which are all assigned to the Hybotidae. The genus Sematopoda Collin is tentatively assigned to Trichopezinae, and Xanthodromia Saigusa is transferred from Hemerodromiinae to Brachystomatinae.        All morphological characters are extensively discussed and illustrated, including details of the antennae, mouthparts, internal thoracic structures, wings, and male and female terminalia. In addition, a key to families and unplaced genus groups of the Empidoidea is provided. Feeding habits are also discussed in terms of the empidoid ground plan condition.

A systematic revision of Goniosomatinae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), with a cladistic analysis and biogeographical notes

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcio Bernardino DaSilva ◽  
Pedro Gnaspini
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Species Inquirenda ◽  
Evolutionary Studies ◽  
Southern Bahia ◽  
Taxonomic Changes

Goniosomatine harvestmen have strongly armed pedipalps, generally large bodies and, commonly, very long legs (sometimes more than 20 cm), and are distributed in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, from southern Bahia to Santa Catarina. Since they are conspicuous animals and individuals of some species tend to concentrate in caves (and also under rock boulders), they have been (and still are) the target of several studies, especially those focusing on reproductive and defensive behavior, population ecology, physiology, chromosomes, etc. In spite of their importance for biological studies (some species constitute important and frequently used models for these studies), the taxonomy of Goniosomatinae has faced some problems, including misidentification, a large number of undescribed species and the lack of a phylogenetic hypothesis for the relationships among its species (which would allow evolutionary studies to be made). The last taxonomic changes in the subfamily were made 60 years ago. Considering a taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the subfamily to be of paramount importance, the main scope of the present paper is to provide a cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the species of Goniosomatinae and a new arrangement of genera (and species). The main taxonomic changes are given as follows. Six genera are recognised within the subfamily: Goniosoma; the newly described genus Pyatan; the reestablished genera Serracutisoma, Heteromitobates and Mitogoniella; and Acutisoma. New generic synonyms include: Glyptogoniosoma = Goniosomella = Lyogoniosoma = Metalyogoniosoma = Xulapona = Goniosoma, Acutisomelloides = Pygosomoides = Spelaeosoma = Serracutisoma; and Acutisomella = Heteromitobates. Newly described species include: Goniosoma capixaba; G. apoain; Pyatan insperatum DaSilva, Stefanini-Jim & Gnaspini; Serracutisoma pseudovarium; S. fritzmuelleri; S. guaricana; Heteromitobates anarchus; H. harlequin; H. alienus; Mitogoniella taquara; M. unicornis; and Acutisoma coriaceum. New combinations include: Goniosoma macracanthum (Mello-Leitão, 1922); G. unicolor (Mello-Leitão, 1932); G. carum (Mello-Leitão, 1936); Serracutisoma proximum (Mello-Leitão, 1922); S. banhadoae (Soares & Soares, 1947); S. molle (Mello-Leitão, 1933); S. thalassinum (Simon, 1879); S. catarina (Machado, Pinto-da-Rocha & Ramires, 2002); S. inerme (Mello-Leitão, 1927); S. spelaeum (Mello-Leitão, 1933); Heteromitobates inscriptus (Mello-Leitão, 1922); H. albiscriptus (Mello-Leitão, 1932); Mitogoniella modesta (Perty, 1833); and M. badia (Koch, 1839). Reestablished combinations include: Mitogoniella indistincta Mello-Leitão, 1936 and Acutisoma longipes Roewer, 1913. New specific synonyms include: Acutisomella cryptoleuca = Acutisomella intermedia = Goniosoma junceum = Goniosoma patruele = Goniosoma xanthophthalmum = Metalyogoniosoma unum = Goniosoma varium, Goniosoma geniculatum = Goniosoma venustum; Goniosomella perlata = Progoniosoma minense = Goniosoma vatrax, Glyptogoniosoma perditum = Progoniosoma cruciferum = Progoniosoma tijuca = Goniosoma dentipes; Leitaoius iguapensis = Leitaoius viridifrons = Serracutisoma proximum; Acutisoma marumbicola = Acutisoma patens = Serracutisoma thalassinum; Progoniosoma tetrasetae = Serracutisoma inerme; and Acutisoma monticola = Leitaoius nitidissimus = Leitaoius xanthomus = Mitogoniella mutila = Acutisoma longipes. The following species are considered species inquirenda: Goniosoma lepidum Gervais, 1844; G. monacanthum Gervais, 1844; G. obscurum Perty, 1833; G. versicolor Perty, 1833; and Mitogoniella badia (Koch, 1839). The monotypic genus Goniosomoides Mello-Leitão, 1932 (and its species, G. viridans Mello-Leitão, 1932) is removed from Goniosomatinae and considered incertae sedis.

Systematic relationships within the Litsea complex (Lauraceae): a cladistic analysis on the basis of morphological and leaf cuticle data

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
David C. Christophel
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Leaf Cuticle ◽  
Systematic Relationships

The systematic relationships within the Litsea complex, consisting of Litsea, Lindera, Neolitsea, Actinodaphne, Dodecadenia, Iteadaphne, Parasassafras, Sinosassafras, Umbellularia and Laurus, are discussed. A cladistic analysis of morphological and leaf cuticle characters resulted in three most parsimonious trees, with Sassafras as sister group to other genera. The cladogram of only cuticular characters does not show clear relationships, but highlights the general integration of Litsea and Lindera. The cladograms show that most genera in the complex are polyphyletic. However, some monophyletic groups also appeared in the cladograms, such as Cylicodaphne–Cupuliformes characterised by a cup-shaped fruit cupule, Sinosassafras–Parasassafras by a minute involucral bracts, Uniumbellatae–Daphnidium by trinerved leaves and Litsea–Aperula by a racemiform inflorescence. Additionally, the cladistics results imply that some groups require further research.

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