Connective Tissues and Body Wall Structure, of the Polychaete Polyphysia Crassa {Lipobranchius Jeffreysii) and Their Significance

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Y. Elder
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peristaltic Wave ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Elastic Fibres ◽  
Collagen Lattice ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Epidermal Basement Membrane

The polychaete Polyphysia crassa (Oersted) is unusual in possessing a well-developed body-wall connective-tissue layer which exceeds the combined thickness of the circular and longitudinal muscles. Both collagenous and elastic fibres are present in this layer. The collagen is organized as a loose three-dimensional lattice allowing longitudinal, circumferential or radial distension of the body wall and, as in other soft-bodied invertebrates, serves the functions of providing a base on which the muscles can act and of imposing limits to the extensibility of the system. The elastic fibres are organized as an apparently randomly oriented meshwork of stout fibres around the circular muscle blocks and are attached to both the circular and longitudinal muscles. Columns of elastic fibres extend radially from the supramuscular coarse meshwork through the ‘holes’ in the collagen lattice to the epidermal basement membrane. As the elastic columns extend outwards the fibres become finer and more numerous and flute out to give a wide area attachment to the epidermal basement membrane. The radial elastic columns are cross-linked by tangential elastic fibres. Although at any point the main collagen and elasticfibre bundles are oriented at right angles to one another, collagen fibres are invariably associated with the elastic fibres and the two fibre types form a single functionally inte-grated system. Polyphysia lives in flocculent, sublittoral muds and the burrowing mechanism employed involves a pronounced direct peristaltic wave of simultaneous circular and longitudinal muscle contraction which necessitates considerable radial thickening of the body wall. The functions of the elastic fibres appear to be to oppose the radial distension of the body wall which the collagen lattice permits and to control the folding of the cuticle and epidermis and the return of the collagen system after the passage of a peristaltic wave.

Observations on the Burrowing of Arenicola Marina (L.)

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-118
Author(s):  
E. R. TRUEMAN
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Power Stroke ◽  
Arenicola Marina ◽  
Resting Pressure ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Trunk Segments

1. Continuous recordings of the hydrostatic pressure in the coelom of Arenicola marina show a resting pressure of about 2 cm. of water in a non-burrowing worm. During burrowing a series of pressure peaks is produced and these gradually increase in amplitude up to 110 cm. as burrowing progresses. 2. The pressure peaks are of 2 sec. duration, occur at intervals of 5-7 sec., and for each there is a major contraction of the circular muscles followed by the shortening of the longitudinal muscles. The main power stroke in producing the high pressure is the contraction of the longitudinal muscles of most of the trunk segments. The sequence of muscular contractions and the phases of burrowing are considered. 3. The pressure is utilized at the anterior end of the worm both to aid passage through the sand and to anchor the head while the posterior segments are pulled into the burrow. 4. At maximum pressures the tension developed in the circular muscle of the body wall is estimated to be 3 kg./cm.2, while the resting pressure corresponds to less than 7% of this.

Locomotion and Coelomic Pressure in Lumbricus Terrestris L

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
M. K. SEYMOUR
Keyword(s):  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
The Body ◽  
Initial Penetration ◽  
Cine Film ◽  
Body Wall Muscles ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Do So

1. Crawling movement and burrowing of Lumbricus terrestris (L.) have been studied by continuous recording of internal pressure, direct observation and analysis of cine film. Frequency of locomotory waves is from 5 to 20 per min. Timing of protrusion of setae and of backward slip of points d'appui in locomotion have been observed and recorded. 2. In normal locomotion elongation of segments by contraction of the circular muscles gives rise to a discrete pressure pulse; shortening, by contraction of the longitudinal muscles, may or may not do so, depending on the position of the segment in the worm and the relative extent of contraction of the longitudinal and circular muscles. 3. Consideration of crawling and burrowing pressure records emphasizes the importance of (a) the circular muscles in extension of the head end in crawling and in initial penetration of the soil, and (b) the longitudinal muscles during burrowing, in dilating the burrow and drawing in more posterior segments 4. Mean pressures at circular and longitudinal muscle contraction are 12 and 7 cm. H2O respectively. The highest pressure recorded was 75 cm. H2O and accompanied violent squirming with evident contraction of all the body wall muscles. Resting pressures, shown in the absence of organized movement, are low (mean 0.26 cm. H2O). In both resting and crawling negative pressures sometimes occur and these are considered in relation to the inherent stiffness of the body wall and to the septate condition. 5. Tension in the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of a worm developing 75 cm. H2O internal pressure are calculated to be 265 and 1323 g./cm2. respectively, demonstrating in this example that, relative to the circulars, the longitudinal muscles are understressed by a factor of 5. Mean locomotory L.M. and C.M. peak values yield tension values of only 25 and 212 g./cm. respectively, and these are clearly well within the worm's capacity.

The Blood-system in the Serpulimorpha (Annelida, Polychaeta)

1951 ◽  
Vol s3-92 (19) ◽  
pp. 255-274
Author(s):  
JEAN HANSON
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Blood System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Special Relation ◽  
Elastic Fibres ◽  
Gut Epithelium ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles

1. The histology of the blood-system of Pomatoceros triqueter has been studied in detail. Comparative observations have been made on the following serpulids and sabellids: Serpula vermicularis, Hydroides norvegica, Vermiliopsis infundibulum, Salmacina incrustans, Protula intestinum, Apomatus ampulliferus, Spirorbis militaris, S. corrugatus, Sabella spallanzanii, Potamilla sp., and Dasychone lucullana. Living coelomic capillaries of Sabella have been investigated. 2. All vessels possess a three-layered wall consisting of an endothelium, a skeletal coat, and a peritoneum containing muscle-fibres which lie transversely to the long axis of the vessel. 3. The outer wall of the gut sinus had the same three layers. On its inner side the sinus is bounded by an endothelium lying on a skeletal coat which in most species is the basement membrane of the gut epithelium. In Sabella and Branchiomma a muscle coat, with fibres lying transversely to the long axis of the gut, is situated inside the inner skeletal coat and rests on the basement membrane of the gut epithelium. The function of these muscles is not known. Longitudinal muscles are found in the same position in Myxicola. 4. The endothelium of the coelomic capillaries of Sabella, and probably of all serpu-lids and sabellids, is a syncytial reticulum of cell bodies connected by cytoplasmic strands. 5. The endothelium of Sabella and Branchiomma, but not of the other species investigated, contains chloragosome-like globules. In Sabella it also contains iron in some organic compound. 6. Blood-cells are absent from all serpulids and sabellids investigated. 7. The skeletal coat is linked by fibres with the rest of the internal skeleton of the body. It is a homogeneous sheet of a substance giving the staining reactions of collagen. Reticular and elastic fibres are absent from it. When the vessel contracts the skeletal coat does not change in thickness but is thrown into longitudinal folds. 8. The coelomic capillaries of Sabella have a peritoneum which is apparently syn-cytial, and in which are muscle-fibres arranged in a wide-meshed reticulum. The reticulum and the nuclei of the peritoneum can be vitally stained with methylene blue. The nuclei are sparsely scattered over the surface of the vessel without any special relation to the fibres of the reticulum. 9. On the larger vessels and on the gut sinus separate muscle-fibres, each with one nucleus, are present. The peritoneum constitutes a muscle-epithelium. The nucleus lies in a small membrane of cytoplasm extending along the outer surface of the fibre. 10. The muscle-fibres of the gut sinus are composed of unstriped fibrils. The fibres of the smaller vessels sometimes show alternating stained and unstained bands of equal length. 11. On the larger vessels each muscle-fibre apparently contains both striped and unstriped fibrils. The fibre seems to be covered by a thin sheath of striped fibrils covering a central core of unstriped fibrils which are arranged so that thecore shows a double-oblique striation. 12. The muscles of the rest of the body are unstriped.

Memoirs: Peristalsis in the Malpighian Tubules of Diptera, Preliminary Account: with a note on the Elimination of Calcium Carbonate from the Malpighian Tubules of Drosophila Funebris

1925 ◽  
Vol s2-69 (275) ◽  
pp. 385-398
Author(s):  
L. EASTHAM
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Preliminary Account ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Adult Drosophila

1. The proximal regions of the Malpighian tubules of Drosopbila funebris and Calliphora erythro cephala are supplied with systems of circular and longitudinal muscles external to the basement membrane. 2. These muscles are continuous with those of the mid-gut. 3. There is a terminal muscle to each anterior tubule in Drosophila funebris connected to the alar muscles of the pericardial septum. 4. Peristalsis has been observed in the proximal regions of the tubules, caused by the circular muscles. 5. The tubules exhibit a waving movement, probably due to the longitudinal muscle-bands of the lower or proximal ends of the tubules. 6. Calcium carbonate is stored in the terminal portions of the anterior tubules of Drosophila funebris. 7. This calcium carbonate is not eliminated at the beginning of metamorphosis, but is passed to the gut about the sixth day of pupal life, and is only expelled from the body on the emergence of the adult. 8. Calcium carbonate is found in the Malpighian tubules of the adult Drosophila funebris.

The Mechanism of Proboscis Movement in Arenicola

1954 ◽  
Vol s3-95 (30) ◽  
pp. 251-270
Author(s):  
G. P. WELLS
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Arenicola Marina ◽  
Buccal Mass ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles

The mechanism of proboscis movement is analysed in detail in Arenicola marina L. and A. ecaudata Johnston, and discussed in relation to the properties of the hydrostatic skeleton. Proboscis activity is based on the following cycle of movements in both species. Stage I. The circular muscles of the body-wall and buccal mass contract; the head narrows and lengthens. Stage IIa. The circular muscles of the mouth and buccal mass relax; the gular membrane (or ‘first diaphragm’ of previous authors) contracts; the mouth opens and the buccal mass emerges. Stage IIb. The longitudinal muscles of the buccal mass and body-wall contract; the head shortens and widens and the pharynx emerges. Stage III. As Stage I. The two species differ anatomically and in their hydrostatic relationships. In ecaudata, the forward movement of body-fluid which extrudes and distends the proboscis is largely due to the contraction of the gular membrane and septal pouches. In marina, the essential mechanism is the relaxation of the oral region which allows the general coelomic pressure to extrude the proboscis. The gular membrane of marina contracts as that of ecaudata does, but its anatomy is different and it appears to be a degenerating structure as far as proboscis extrusion is concerned. Withdrawal of the proboscis may occur while the head is still shortening and widening in Stage IIb, or while it is lengthening and narrowing in Stage III. The proboscis is used both in feeding and in burrowing; in the latter case nothing enters through the mouth; the difference is largely caused by variation in the timing of withdrawal relative to the 3-stage cycle.

Memoirs: On the Reproductive Processes of the Earthworm, Lumbricus Terrestris

1925 ◽  
Vol s2-69 (274) ◽  
pp. 245-290
Author(s):  
A. J. GROVE
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Earthworm Lumbricus

During the sexual congress of L.terrestris, the co-operating worms become attached to one another in a head-to-tail position in such a way that segments 9-11 of one are opposed to the clitellum of the other, and vice versa. At these points the attachment between the worms is an intimate one, assisted by the secretion of the glands associated with the diverticula of the setal pores found in certain segments, and is reinforced by the mutual penetration of the setae into the opposed body-surfaces. There is also a slighter attachment between segment 26 of one and 15 of the other. Each worm is enclosed in a slime-tube composed of mucus secreted from the epidermis. The exchange of seminal fluid is a mutual one. The fluid issues from the apertures of the vasa deferentia in segment 15, and is conducted beneath the slime-tube in pit-like depressions in the seminal grooves, which extend from segment 15 to the clitellum on each side of the body, to the clitellum, where it accumulates in the space between the lateral surfaces of segments 9-11 of one worm and the clitellum of the other. Eventually it becomes aggregated into masses in the groove between segments 9 and 10, and 10 and 11, and passes thence into the spermathecae. The seminal groove and its pit-like depressions are brought into existence by special muscles lying in the lateral blocks of longitudinal muscles of the body-wall.

The locomotion of the acanthor of Moniliformis dubius (Archiacanthocephala)

Parasitology ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Research Fellowship ◽  
Wall Movement ◽  
Hydrostatic Skeleton ◽  
Laboratory Facilities ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles ◽  
Shape Changes

The mature egg and the acanthor of Moniliformis dubius have been redescribed with special emphasis on the features relevant to the locomotion of this larval acanthocephalan. The movements of acanthors have been analysed by the use of frame by frame study of filmed records of motile acanthors. Acanthors appear to use the same mode of locomotion for hatching, locomotion within the gut of the intermediate host and penetration of the host's gut wall. Movement is produced by a set of spiralled, longitudinal muscles in the body wall of the hind body and two rostellar retractor muscles. This musculature acts both directly on the body wall and indirectly by hydraulic effects via the hydrostatic skeleton of pseudocoelomic fluid. The spiny evertable rostellum and the backward facing spines of the hind body are the means whereby shape changes of the acanthor interact with the immediate environment to produce effective progression.I should like to thank Professor D. Arthur for the provision of laboratory facilities, Dr D. W. T. Crompton for the initial gift of eggs of M. dubius and Mr R. D. Reed for invaluable assistance with microcinematographic technique. The work was carried out during the tenure of a Nuffield Foundation Research Fellowship.

Gross anatomy of the muscle systems and associated innervation of Apatemon cobitidis proterorhini metacercaria (Trematoda: Strigeidea), as visualized by confocal microscopy

Parasitology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. STEWART ◽  
A. MOUSLEY ◽  
B. KOUBKOVÁ ◽  
š. šEBELOVÁ ◽  
N. J. MARKS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Oral Sucker ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Filamentous Actin ◽  
Attachment Structures ◽  
A Site

The major muscle systems of the metacercaria of the strigeid trematode, Apatemon cobitidis proterorhini have been examined using phalloidin as a site-specific probe for filamentous actin. Regional differences were evident in the organization of the body wall musculature of the forebody and hindbody, the former comprising outer circular, intermediate longitudinal and inner diagonal fibres, the latter having the inner diagonal fibres replaced with an extra layer of more widely spaced circular muscle. Three orientations of muscle fibres (equatorial, meridional, radial) were discernible in the oral sucker, acetabulum and paired lappets. Large longitudinal extensor and flexor muscles project into the hindbody where they connect to the body wall or end blindly. Innervation to the muscle systems of Apatemon was examined by immunocytochemistry, using antibodies to known myoactive substances: the flatworm FMRFamide-related neuropeptide (FaRP), GYIRFamide, and the biogenic amine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Strong immunostaining for both peptidergic and serotoninergic components was found in the central nervous system and confocal microscopic mapping of the distribution of these neuroactive substances revealed they occupied separate neuronal pathways. In the peripheral nervous system, GYIRFamide-immunoreactivity was extensive and, in particular, associated with the innervation of all attachment structures; serotoninergic fibres, on the other hand, were localized to the oral sucker and pharynx and to regions along the anterior margins of the forebody.

Paramyosin isoforms of Schistosoma mansoni are phosphorylated and localized in a large variety of muscle types

Parasitology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schmidt ◽  
O. Bodor ◽  
L. Gohr ◽  
W. Kunz
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Striated Muscles ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Muscle Types ◽  
Longitudinal Muscles

SUMMARYParamyosin, although a widely distributed muscle component among invertebrates, has hitherto not clearly been shown to occur in the muscles of schistosomes. Instead, it has been reported to occur in the tegument. In the present study, a specific antibody reacting with each of 10 isoforms of paramyosin was used for light microscopical immunolocalization in sections of Schistosoma mansoni. Specimens were fixed by a new method to immobilize antigens with uranyl acetate–trehalose–methanol. In cercariae, schistosomula, and adults, the circular and longitudinal muscles of the body wall, the dorsoventral muscles and those surrounding the gut and the pharynx as well as the fast moving cross-striated muscles of the tail of cercariae intensely reacted with the antibody. However, neither immunohistologically nor on Western blots of isolated tegument, were indications found for the presence of paramyosin in the tegument. In vivo phosphorylation and binding of anti-phospho-tyrosine and anti-phospho-serine antibodies show phosphorylation of paramyosin which probably is responsible for the generation of the isoforms.

scholarly journals The Fine Structure of Some Blood Vessels of the Earthworm, Eisenia foetida

1960 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Hama
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Eisenia Foetida ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle Layer ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Body Wall Musculature ◽  
Blood Pigment

The fine structure of the main dorsal and ventral circulatory trunks and of the subneural vessels and capillaries of the ventral nerve cord of the earthworm, Eisenia foetida, has been studied with the electron microscope. All of these vessels are lined internally by a continuous extracellular basement membrane varying in thickness (0.03 to 1 µ) with the vessel involved. The dorsal, ventral, and subneural vessels display inside this membrane scattered flattened macrophagic or leucocytic cells called amebocytes. These lie against the inner lining of the basement membrane, covering only a small fraction of its surface. They have long, attenuated branching cell processes. All of these vessels are lined with a continuous layer of unfenestrated endothelial cells displaying myofilaments and hence qualifying for the designation of "myoendothelial cells." The degree of muscular specialization varies over a spectrum, however, ranging from a delicate endowment of thin myofilaments in the capillary myoendothelial cells to highly specialized myoendothelial cells in the main pulsating dorsal blood trunk, which serves as the worm's "heart" or propulsive "aorta." The myoendothelial cells most specialized for contraction display well organized sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils with thick and thin myofilaments resembling those of the earthworm body wall musculature. In the ventral circulatory trunk, circular and longitudinal myofilaments are found in each myoendothelial cell. In the dorsal trunk, the lining myoendothelial cells contain longitudinal myofilaments. Outside these cells are circular muscle cells. The lateral parts of the dorsal vessels have an additional outer longitudinal muscle layer. The blood plasma inside all of the vessels shows scattered particles representing the circulating earthworm blood pigment, erythrocruorin.

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