The accumulation and excretion of radioactive caesium by the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and the thornback ray (Raia clavata)

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Jefferies ◽  
C. J. Hewett
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Thornback Ray ◽  
Processing Plants

INTRODUCTIONThe caesium radionuclides, caesium-137 and caesium-134, are important constituents of aqueous radioactive effluents discharged to the environment of the United Kingdom from fuel re-processing plants and nuclear power stations (Howells, 1966; Mitchell, Harvey & Smith, 1968; Harvey, Baker & Mitchell, 1969). Their accumulation by marine fishes has been the subject of several previous studies, beginning with that of Chipman (1959) who noted that caesium-137 was accumulated in the flesh of the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) and that accumulation continued even after a period of 72 days. Similarly, Hiyama & Shimizu (1964) showed that the muscle of the common goby (Acanthobus flaviamus) continued to accumulate caesium-134 from sea water after periods of 30 days. Baptist & Price (1962) have examined the whole body uptake of caesium, by absorption from sea water, in two marine species, the flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) and the Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus), and they also investigated the accumulation, tissue distribution and excretion of caesium-137 in the croaker, the little tuna (Euthynnus alleteratus) and the bluefish (Pomatomus saltatoux), following oral administration of single doses. These authors concluded that the heart, liver and spleen of the croaker absorbed caesium-137 from sea water at a faster rate than the muscle, and that orally administered caesium-137 was rapidly absorbed from the digestive tract. Tissue distributions were similar in the croaker, bluefish and tuna. The retention of caesium-137 in croaker tissue was described as a multiple rate process. In later experiments Hiyama & Shimizu (1969) compared turnover rates in various organs and tissues following uptake from sea water and from single injection experiments, and obtained good agreement between the values from the two methods.

Cadmium Poisoning in Fundulus heteroclitus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) and other Marine Organisms

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 1225-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Eisler
Keyword(s):  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Blue Mussel ◽  
Cadmium Toxicity ◽  
Grass Shrimp ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Urosalpinx Cinerea ◽  
Eastern Mud Snail ◽  
Crangon Septemspinosa

In acute toxicity bioassays with [Formula: see text] at 20 C and 20‰ salinity, the concentrations fatal to 50% of the organisms of various marine species in 96 hr ranged between 0.32 and 55.0 mg/liter Cd2+. The order of sensitivity was: sand shrimp, Crangon septemspinosa (0.32); hermit crab, Pagurus longicarpus (0.32); grass shrimp, Palaemonetes vulgaris (0.42); common starfish, Asterias forbesi (0.82); common soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria (2.2); green crab, Carcinus maenus (4.1); Atlantic oyster drill, Urosalpinx cinerea (6.6); eastern mud snail, Nassarius obsoletus (10.5); sandworm, Nereis virens (11.0); striped killifish, Fundulus majalis (21.0); blue mussel, Mytilus edulis (25.0); sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus (50.0); and mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (55.0). Mummichogs were more susceptible to cadmium exposures at 20 C than at 5 C and at 5‰ salinity than at 15, 25, or 35‰. Additional studies with mummichogs clearly demonstrated that 96 hr was not sufficient to adequately evaluate cadmium toxicity to this species. Mummichog whole body cadmium residues determined by atomic absorption provided a useful index of cadmium body burden among fish surviving exposure. However, cadmium residue data from dead mummichogs were of limited worth owing to accumulation after death.

The Research Branch of the Industrial Group of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority

1959 ◽  
Vol 249 (1256) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Atomic Energy ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Atomic Energy Authority ◽  
Industrial Group ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Many

The atomic energy industry of this country has become a large and complex undertaking, comprising the Research, Industrial and Weapons Groups of the Atomic Energy Authority itself; the industrial consortia which have been set up to design and build nuclear power stations; the many industrial concerns associated with the Atomic Energy Authority in the development or supply of materials or equipment, and finally the electricity supply undertakings. Some research and development activities are carried on by all these bodies, either in collaboration with the Atomic Energy Authority or individually, and in total a significant part of the research effort of the country is applied to the development of atomic energy. It is important, therefore, that what is done should be well known and as far as possible open to inspection so that there can be a reasonable general assurance that the work is well conducted.

An evaluation of the equipment tagging process in nuclear power stations

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Doyle ◽  
Lothar Schroeder ◽  
Stephen Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Stations

Environmental Protection Meets Security of Electricity Supply

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Ilina Cenevska
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Habitats Directive ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
National Energy Policy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract This case comment explores the relationship between two intertwined objectives – ensuring security of electricity supply and environmental protection – in the context of the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in Inter-Environnement Wallonie ASBL and Bond Beter Leefmilieu Vlaanderen ASBL v. Conseil des ministres. The analysis focuses on the application of the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive and the Habitats Directive to the facts of the case, which concerns the extension by a ten-year period of the operation of two Belgian nuclear power stations (Doel 1 and Doel 2) as part of a national energy policy strategy to ensure the security of Belgium's electricity supply. The case comment also considers the legal and practical implications that arise as a result of employing the ‘security of electricity supply’ exemption to enable derogation from the requirements of the aforementioned Directives in circumstances where a Member State considers the security of its electricity supply to be under threat.

Evaluation of the residual stress in stainless steel 304L hydraulically expanded joints

2020 ◽  
pp. 095440892096401
Author(s):  
Ying Hong ◽  
Xuesheng Wang ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Zhao Zhang ◽  
Yong Han
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Stainless Steel 304 ◽  
Initial Clearance

Stainless steel 304 L tubes are commonly used in the fabrication of heat exchangers for nuclear power stations. The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of 304 L tubes in hydraulically expanded tube-to-tubesheet joints is the main reason for the failure of heat exchangers. In this study, 304 L hydraulically expanded joint specimens were prepared and the residual stresses of a tube were evaluated with both an experimental method and the finite element method (FEM). The residual stresses in the outer and inner surfaces of the tube were measured by strain gauges. The expanding and unloading processes of the tube-to-tubesheet joints were simulated by the FEM. Furthermore, an SCC test was carried out to verify the results of the experimental measurement and the FEM. There was good agreement between the FEM and the experimental results. The distribution of the residual stress of the tube in the expanded joint was revealed by the FEM. The effects of the expansion pressure, initial tube-to-hole clearance, and yield strength of the tube on the residual stress in the transition zone that lay between the expanded and unexpanded region of the tube were investigated. The results showed that the residual stress of the expanded joint reached the maximum value when the initial clearance was eliminated. The residual stress level decreased with the decrease of the initial tube-to-hole clearance and yield strength. Finally, an effective method that would reduce the residual stress without losing tightness was proposed.

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