History of Mathematics in the Islamic World: The Present State of the Art

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Berggren
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mathematical Sciences ◽  
Islamic Mathematics

In Recent Years, many discoveries in the history of Islamic mathematics have not been reported outside the specialist literature, even though they raise issues of interest to a larger audience. Thus, our aim in writing this survey is to provide to scholars of Islamic culture an account of the major themes and discoveries of the last decade of research on the history of mathematics in the Islamic world. However, the subject of mathematics comprised much more than what a modern mathematician might think of as belonging to mathematics, so our survey is an overview of what may best be called the “mathematical sciences” in Islam; that is, in addition to such topics as arithmetic, algebra, and geometry we will also be interested in mechanics, optics, and mathematical instruments.

scholarly journals Concepts and new perspectives for long span bridges

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-97
Author(s):  
Fabio Brancaleoni
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Present State ◽  
Critical Parameter ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Span Length ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Long Span Bridges ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Long Span ◽  
The Subject

AbstractA discussion of the dominant factors affecting the behaviour of long span cable supported bridges is the subject of this paper. The main issue is the evolution of properties and response of the bridge with the size of the structure, represented by the critical parameter of span length, showing how this affects the conceptual design. After a review of the present state of the art, perspectives for future developments are discussed.

scholarly journals Telaah Epistemologis Pendekatan Saintifik Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 344
Author(s):  
Kusaeri Kusaeri ◽  
Rangga Sa'adillah
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Logical Structure ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scientific Truth ◽  
Different Characteristics

<p>This article seeks to find out the intersection between scientific approach and Islamic religious education as a subject matter. The scientific approach adopts scientific steps in building scientific knowledge, i.e. such featuring dimensions as observation, reasoning, inquiry, validation anD and description of scientific truth. Since the scientific approach is regarded as too empirical, rational and logical. In Cartesian sense, it contradicts the logical structure of the subject of Islamic religious education. Five aspects of Islamic religious education (the Qur’ân, Hadîth, Aqîdah Akhlaq, Fiqh, history of Islamic culture, and Arabic language) have different characteristics, even demand a non-scientific logics such as intuition and revelation. Aqîdah (belief), for example, which consists of the doctrine of monotheism (<em>tawh</em><em></em><em>id</em>) is difficult to be scrutinized through empirical evidence. There are some other examples in this field which are difficult to be analyzed by means of scientific approach. Through library research, this article nevertheless finds that the logic of scientific approach and Islamic religious education can be integrated, since revelation and reason are mutually supportive.</p>

Milnor's conjecture on monotonicity of topological entropy: Results and questions

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian van Strien
Keyword(s):  
Topological Entropy ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Rigidity Theorem ◽  
Real Polynomial ◽  
Open Problems ◽  
Polynomial Maps ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Quadratic Case ◽  
Real Polynomial Maps

This chapter discusses Milnor's conjecture on monotonicity of entropy and gives a short exposition of the ideas used in its proof. It discusses the history of this conjecture, gives an outline of the proof in the general case, and describes the state of the art in the subject. The proof makes use of an important result by Kozlovski, Shen, and van Strien on the density of hyperbolicity in the space of real polynomial maps, which is a far-reaching generalization of the Thurston Rigidity Theorem. (In the quadratic case, density of hyperbolicity had been proved in studies done by M. Lyubich and J. Graczyk and G. Swiatek.) The chapter concludes with a list of open problems.

Kese and Tellak: Cultural Framings of Body Treatments in the ‘Turkish Bath’

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-469
Author(s):  
Kornelia Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Present State ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Steam Bath ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specific Culture

Using water for body treatments has an especially long tradition in many cultures and, is deeply intertwined with Roman and Ottoman culture. However, it is clear that today it is not possible to attribute bathing – not even a specific type of bathing, such as the hammam steam bath – to one particular culture (ignoring the obvious problems associated with trying to delineate clearly between such blurred constructs as a specific culture or as a discrete entity). Thus, the ‘Turkish bath’ is a widely used term introduced to Europe in the eighteenth century or applied to various different manifestations. The term reflects the European perception of Turkish bathing culture, primarily connected with bathing within a hammam complex or – as the Turkish term goes – a hammami. Bathing in the hammam-style is rather a Roman cultural practice, an element adapted and integrated in Ottoman culture and readapted thereafter into modern Western culture. It is often believed that these practices are rooted in the cultural history of the present state of Turkey (although ancient ‘Turkish bath’ architecture famously exists in Greece or Albania, too1). Furthermore, the geographical or architectural nexus between mosques and hammams and, also, the temporal order of Islamic culture (in which visiting a hammam before various ritual occasions is required) have often suggested seeing the Turkish bath as a religious custom.

scholarly journals OBITUARY

2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-595
Author(s):  
Ian Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The University ◽  
Mathematics Department

Daniel Martin B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.E. was born in Carluke on 16 April 1915, the only child of William and Rose Martin (née Macpherson). The family home in which he was born, Cygnetbank in Clyde Street, had been remodelled and extended by his father, and it was to be Dan's home all his life. His father, who was a carpenter and joiner, had a business based in School Lane, but died as a result of a tragic accident when Dan was only six. Thereafter Dan was brought up single handedly by his mother.After attending primary school in Carluke from 1920 to 1927, Dan entered the High School of Glasgow. It was during his third year there that he started studying calculus on his own. He became so enthused by the subject that he set his sights on a career teaching mathematics, at university if at all possible. On leaving school in 1932, he embarked on the M.A. honours course in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at the University of Glasgow. At that time the Mathematics Department was under the leadership of Professor Thomas MacRobert; the honours course in Mathematics consisted mainly of geometry, calculus and analysis, and the combined honours M.A. with Natural Philosophy was the standard course for mathematicians. A highlight of his first session at university was attending a lecture on the origins of the general theory of relativity, given on 20th June 1933 by Albert Einstein. This was the first of a series of occasional lectures on the history of mathematics funded by the George A. Gibson Foundation which had been set up inmemory of the previous head of the Mathematics Department. From then on, relativity was to be one of Dan's great interests, lasting a lifetime; indeed, on holiday in Iona the year before he died, Dan's choice of holiday reading included three of Einstein's papers.

scholarly journals XXIII.—Some Account of the Recent Progress of Sanskrit Studies

1863 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-283
Author(s):  
J. Muir
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Indian Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In

In compliance with the desire which the Council have done me the honour to express, I have drawn up the following account of the recent progress and present state of Sanskrit studies, prefixing such an outline of the earlier history of these researches as may serve to complete the review, and render it more easily intelligible.In this sketch I do not profess to communicate anything new, but merely seek to present such a summary of the results already obtained, as may convey to those who have not bestowed any special attention on the subject some idea of the character and affinities of the Sanskrit language, and of the nature and contents of Indian literature, as well as of the advances which have of late years been made in the principal branches of the study.

The Mid-Nineteenth Century Electoral Structure

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Present State ◽  
Divergence Of Opinion ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Electoral Structure

It is far too early to talk with any real certainty about the mid-nineteenth century electoral structure. The very materials of which it was built are in dispute, let alone the shape of the edifice. A deference school of historians is challenging traditional notions of the growth of political individualism in the period, while so-called quantitative historians are beginning to question the assumptions and approach of both deference historians and traditionalists. Serious and detailed study of the questions involved has hardly begun. Still, some comment on the present state of the controversy may not be entirely out of place. An enduring interpretation can only be constructed of sound materials; and I am by no means certain of the soundness of some of those now being put forward for our use.W. O. Aydelotte, in a paper read a couple of years ago and soon to be published in a series of essays entitled The History of Parliamentary Behavior, notes the divergence of opinion among historians on the role of the electorate in shaping parliamentary opinion after 1832. As he rightly suggests, Norman Gash in his Politics in the Age of Peel appears to be of two minds on the subject, depending on whether one reads his introduction or his text. In the former Professor Gash stresses the increase of popular influence on Parliament, in the latter the continuance of traditional influences over the mass of the electorate. D. C. Moore comes down heavily on the side of the latter influences, contending that a relatively few leaders of what he has called “deference communities” represented effective electoral opinion, which was simply registered by the mass of the electorate.

The Natural History of Whales

Polar Record ◽  
1942 ◽  
Vol 3 (24) ◽  
pp. 553-563
Author(s):  
N. A. Mackintosh
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Present State ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Sperm Whale ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Right Whales ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

The purpose of this article is to give a general indication of the present state of our knowledge of whales, regarded as an element of the oceanic fauna, and to indicate some of the more important problems which still await solution. The term “whales” is used here to include only the largest of the Cetacea, which are the Right whales, the Rorquals and the Sperm whale; and the subject has to do with these whales in the collective sense, that is to say their habits as a community, and their breeding, growth and distribution, especially in the southern hemisphere, rather than with such matters as comparative anatomy and physiology.

What is Happening in Classical Indology?—A Review Article

1982 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frits Staal
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Present State ◽  
Indian Philosophy ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Article Deal ◽  
The Subject

Most of the books reviewed in this article deal with Indian philosophy, mythology, or the Vedas, but other recent publications are discussed. The author provides a general assessment of the present state of the art in classical Indology. In spite of the venerable antiquity of the subject, not all pertinent studies are esoteric or dull. There have been new and unexpected discoveries along with solid and original contributions that have wide-ranging implications. Many views that are commonly held are now seen to derive from misconceptions and to stand in need of revision. Topics treated are Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Tantrism, and Shamanism; contacts between India and Central Asia, and the Indianization of Asia; Soma andkarma; ritual, epic, psychology, sex, and grammar.

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