Compensazione del danno (timoria) e giustizia come reciprocità nella demostenica Contro Midia, sul pugno

This article offers an analysis of the legal arguments that Demosthenes uses in his speech Against Meidias, concerning the punch to prove that Meidias, who had struck Demosthenes as he exercised his public functions as a choregos, is guilty of hybris, and that he (Demosthenes) deserves adequate (i.e. public) reparation for the outrage suffered. Demosthenes claims his right to a punishment (timoria) capable of repairing the collective, more than individual, damage. This claim appears to allow him, on the one hand, to legitimise, with effective legal argumentation, all the choices made in the aftermath of the episode of the punch, and on the other, to give a strong legal basis for requesting the death penalty for Meidias. The paragraphs 2-3 of the article deal with the choices Demosthenes made after the episode of the punch. Here I intend to show that Demosthenes is able to demonstrate to the judges the relevance of the procedural choices and to qualify them as ‘choices’ precisely because they were motivated and considered at length. In the following paragraphs of the article I discuss the legal argumentation that Demosthenes uses with regard to the ‘measure’ of the penalty required (the death penalty). The aim is to understand what roles the principle according to which Meidias’s hybristic conduct must be assessed from an overall view and the principle of justice as reciprocity play in this argument. The latter must take into account the merit of the epieikes Demosthenes as compared to the hybristes Meidias.

Dual Mass Flywheel Parameter Identification

Reducing emissions brings changes in the design of internal combustion engines and thus new challenges for dual-mass flywheels (DMF) in terms of Noise Vibration and Harshness (NVH). The first part of the article describes a simple model of a centrifugal pendulum. Consequently, a more complicated DMF dynamic model involves friction between the spring components. The second part of the article deal with the multibody model of DMF using a CAD model. The dynamic model consists of a torsion spring and two bodies. The model is compared with the experimental method, which is also described in the paper.

AXIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN ENGLISH

This article deal with the analysis of the axiological potential of conditional sentences in the English language. The aim of the work is to reveal axiological features of conditional sentences in English in terms of expressing values in a communicative setting. In order to achieve the aim of the study, the following tasks are set: review of related literature; analysis of axiological characteristics of English conditional sentences; identification and classification of values expressed by conditional sentences in English. The results of research show that conditional sentences in English can: a) contribute to the verbalization of axiological picture of the world; b) verbalize some basic human values as power, benevolence, security, achievement, hedonism, self-direction, stimulation, conformity, universalism in a specific communicative context; c) express values with the help of whole syntactic meaning.

Ephemeral Traces: Archaeology of a Medieval Rural Settlement

For a considerable span of human history, following the adoption of agricultural economies but prior to the emergence of settlements that we label as ‘urban’, small permanent communities or ‘villages’ were the main types of settlements, as also were places intermittently occupied by mobile, nomadic groups. The context of these, however, differed from those small or rural settlements that existed within an integrated network of centres in urban and state societies. A third scenario is the case of small-scale rural settlements that may exist at the margins of complex societies and, hence, outside state/political control but could still be socially and economically networked with other centres. Thus, the concept of ‘rural’ needs to be situated and interrogated within specific political, social and economic contexts. While archaeological research has addressed village settlements in pre-urban periods, once urbanism and the state societies emerged, urban settlements became the focus of attention. Even though surveys have shown the distribution of settlements of varying sizes, we do not seem to know much about early historic and medieval villages, in terms of settlement layouts, domestic spaces, crafts, if any, or even subsistence practices. It is this lacuna that we are trying to address through our work at a small, rural settlement in the Upper Ganga-Yamuna Doab. Some of the questions that we raise in this article deal with terms like ‘urban’, or ‘rural’, whether these should be viewed as binaries, or whether it may be more fruitful, as others have suggested, to see settlements in a continuum.

Wyzwania antropologii chrześcijańskiej w dobie neuronauk

Challenges of Christian anthropology in the age of neurosciences The article deal with problem of the soul from the perspective of the science. Its purpose is to analyze the views of Francis Crick presented in the book The Astonishing Hypothesis – The Scientific Search for the Soul. The famous Nobel Prize winner tries to refute the religious view that man has a soul by referring to the research of the human brain. Crick’s thesis is as follows: the soul hypothesis must be rejected because of mental phenomena can be explained based on the work of the neurons. The scenario adopted in this way raises some problems. Some of them are outlined in this article. Artykuł podejmuje problem duszy w perspektywie neuronauk. Jego celem jest analiza poglądów Francisa Cricka przedstawionych w książce Zdumiewająca hipoteza, czyli nauka w poszukiwaniu duszy. Słynny noblista usiłuje obalić religijny pogląd, że człowiek posiada duszę, przez odwołanie się do badań ludzkiego mózgu. Teza Cricka jest następująca: Należy odrzucić hipotezę duszy, ponieważ wszelkie zjawiska umysłowe można wyjaśnić w oparciu o pracę neuronów. Tak przyjęty scenariusz rodzi pewne problemy. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia niektóre z nich.

LINGUO-COMMUNICATIVE DIMENSION OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY

The article deal with the linguo-communicative analysis of the transformation of the national-civil society under the influence of multiculturalism as a comprehensive legitimation of the cultural plurality practice. The study is based on a hypothesis of the complex and ambiguous nature of the language and culture interactions. «Language-culture» relations encompasses all the layers of the language system, all functions of the language, which leads to the heterogeneity of linguistic units marked by a cultural component. In the modern society, in the «language-culture» relations, the the national-civil culture dominated, unambiguously affecting the language system. However, in the conditions of multiculturalism and the rupture of the national-civil system, traditions and norms of civil culture are weakened, the linguo-cultural balance is being violated, which becomes an open problem of the post-modern society.

СУТНІСТЬ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ПАРАЛЕЛЬНИХ КОРПУСІВ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ В НАВЧАННІ ІНОЗЕМНИМ МОВАМ У ЗАКЛАДАХ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ

The article deal with the using of parallel frames of translations in the educational process is one of the effective means of increasing the level of foreign language communicative competence of specialists in foreign languages and translation. The particular means l is especially important for independent work and distance learning. The author accents with the help of parallel corpora of translations, the student, finding the appropriate equivalent of the lexical unit, can draw conclusions about the principle of translation of proper and geographical names (transcription, transliteration), idioms, terms, find matches for certain grammatical and stylistic phenomena.

Command – leadership in conditions of a military service

The authors of this article deal with questions concerning command and/or leadership in military service conditions. Based on the analysis of the reference literature and their own reflections, they define the notions of command and leadership, pointing to differences and similarities. In addition, they try to answer the questions of whether students of military universities are being educated towards leadership or to become leaders? And, whether in the practice of military service, we encounter command or leadership, and why?

Convergence theorems for generalized contractions and applications

The principal results in this article deal with the existence of fixed points of a new class of generalized F-contraction. In our approach, by visualizing some non-trivial examples we will obtain better geometrical interpretation. Our main results substantially improve the theory of F-contraction mappings and the related fixed point theorems. In section-4, application to graph theory is entrusted and proved results are endorsed by an example through graph. The presented new techniques give the possibility to justify the existence problems of the solutions for some class of integral equations. For the future aspects of our study, an open problem is suggested regarding discretized population balance model, whose solution may be derived from the established techniques.

The Diary Genre in the Description of Anti-imperial Ideas in the Ukrainian Literature of the XVIII Century

The article deal the general patterns and main trends in the formation and development of the genre of diary as a self-sufficient form in the national literature in the XVIII century, in the coverage of anti-imperial ideas on the example of memoirs "Home Protocol" (1717-1767) of General Treasurer Yakov Markovich, "Diary or Journal" (1722) and "Diary" (1727 - 1752) of General Cornet Nikolai Khanenko. Analyzes the special approach of J. Markovych and M. Khanenko to the creation of the diary genre. It is proved that the memoirs are characterized by a special manner of narration, reminiscent of a clerical reporting document. The authors described events from their own lives, intertwining them with national ones. Fixing the moments with inherent factual accuracy helped to create a holistic canvas of our history during the period of the development of imperial colonial policy in Ukraine. An important feature of the diary narrative is the conciseness and introversion of the narrative, which is explained by the concealment of independent comprehension and assessment of events by diaries. The social level of everyday poetics emphasized the colonial position of Cossack Ukraine in the eighteenth century. A systematic analysis of the genre features of the diaries "Home Protocol" by J. Markovych, "Diary or Journal" and "Diary" by M. Khanenko genre-wise and problematically interconnected with the Cossack chronicle, suggests that the superficial content of notes on historical events in Ukraine and abroad its boundaries, conciseness and introversion of the story, fixation of moments with factual accuracy, the intertwining of personal life events with national ones contributed to the establishment of anti-imperial themes in national literature, that influenced trends in national literature.