scholarly journals Persistence and transmission of tick-borne viruses: Ixodes ricinus and louping-ill virus in red grouse populations

Parasitology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 111 (S1) ◽  
pp. S49-S58 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Hudson ◽  
R. Norman ◽  
M. K. Laurenson ◽  
D. Newborn ◽  
M. Gaunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Tick Population ◽  
Red Grouse ◽  
Virus Persistence ◽  
Relative Significance ◽  
Tick Abundance ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
Louping Ill

SUMMARYThe population dynamics of tick-borne disease agents and in particular the mechanisms which influence their persistence are examined with reference to the flavivirus that causes louping-ill in red grouse and sheep. Pockets of infection cause heavy mortality and the infection probably persists as a consequence of immigration of susceptible hosts. Seroprevalence is positively associated with temporal variations in vectors per host, although variation between areas is associated with the abundance of mountain hares. The presence of alternative tick hosts, particularly large mammals, provides additional hosts for increasing tick abundance. Grouse alone can not support the vectors and the pathogen but both can persist when a non-viraemic mammalian host supports the tick population and a sufficiently high number of nymphs bite grouse. These alternative hosts may also amplify virus through non-viraemic transmission by the process of co-feeding, although the relative significance of this has yet to be determined. Another possible route of infection is through the ingestion of vectors when feeding or preening. Trans-ovarial transmission is a potentially important mechanism for virus persistence but has not been recorded with louping-ill and Ixodes ricinus. The influence of non-viraemic hosts, both in the multiplication of vectors and the amplification of virus through non-viraemic transmission are considered significant for virus persistence.

The Distribution and economic Importance of Ixodes ricinus (L.) in Wales and the Welsh Border Counties with special Reference to N.W. Cardiganshire

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Owen Evans
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Dermacentor Reticulatus ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Nardus Stricta ◽  
Tick Borne Disease ◽  
The Common ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Ixodes ricinus is the common tick infesting farmstock in Wales. Dermacentor reticulatus is recorded on cattle and sheep on two farms in N. Cardiganshire.I. ricinus is widely distributed in the four major grassland zones of N.W. Cardiganshire. The most extensive areas of tick infestation are found on the marginal and hill farms. In lowland areas, except on extensive stretches of marshland, infested pastures are confined to isolated tracts of badly managed or poorly drained land. Infested grazings are invariably “rough” and contain one of the following plants as dominant: Festuca spp., Agrostis spp., Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Pteris aquilina or Juncus spp. The degree of infestation of cattle depends on the relative area of the available grazing land colonised by the tick. Continuous stocking of infested pastures results in heavy infestations and vice versa.Bovine piroplasmosis is the major tick-borne disease in N.W. Cardiganshire and predominates in the lowland districts. Outbreaks of the disease on marginal and hill farms are generally infrequent. Reasons are suggested for this phenomenon. Tick pyaemia is confined to lambs on hill grazings. The incidence of this disease is low.The distribution of the tick in Wales and the border counties of Hereford and Salop shows a general relationship to areas of rough grazing. The tick is widespread in the western counties and is almost absent in the border counties. Radnorshire and Breconshire are interesting in that they have few infested farms in relation to the extensive nature of the “rough” grazing. A survey has also been conducted of the incidence of bovine piroplasmosis in Wales.

Louping-ill virus in red grouse in Scotland

1974 ◽  
Vol 95 (7) ◽  
pp. 150-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Reid ◽  
J. Boyce
Keyword(s):  
Red Grouse ◽  
Louping Ill

The Seasonal Incidence of Ixodes ricinus (L.) on Cattle in mid-Wales

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Owen Evans
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tick Population ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Seasonal Incidence ◽  
Tick Activity ◽  
Normal Period ◽  
Two Peaks

An investigation of the seasonal incidence of I. ricinus on cattle in N.W. Cardigani shire showed that there are normally two peaks of activity, one occurring in spring and the other in autumn. The infestation curve varied considerably from farm to farm according to the husbandry methods practised. Delayed stocking of infested pastures caused an initial higher infestation of the cattle but, except on one farm, did not prolong the infestation beyond the normal period of tick activity. A lower infestation in spring than in autumn occurred on two farms. This resulted from either the lighter stocking of the infested grazings in spring than in autumn or the partial exhaustion of unfed tick population by sheep grazing with the cattle during the spring only.There was no evidence for the occurrence of a unimodal curve of tick activity in the region studied.

Ticks, Louping Ill and Red Grouse on Moors in Speyside, Scotland

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 500 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Duncan ◽  
Hugh W. Reid ◽  
Robert Moss ◽  
John D. P. Phillips ◽  
Adam Watson
Keyword(s):  
Red Grouse ◽  
Louping Ill

scholarly journals Occurrence of ticks infected by tickborne encephalitis virus and Borrelia genospecies in mountains of the Czech Republic

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Daniel ◽  
B Kriz ◽  
V Danielová ◽  
J Materna ◽  
N Rudenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Tick Population ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Tickborne Encephalitis ◽  
Tickborne Encephalitis Virus

In the Czech Republic, there has been an increase in the tick population (Ixodes ricinus) at altitudes over 700m above sea level

scholarly journals Estimating disease vector population size from citizen science data

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (184) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tam Tran ◽  
W. Tanner Porter ◽  
Daniel J. Salkeld ◽  
Melissa A. Prusinski ◽  
Shane T. Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Tick Population ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Tick Abundance ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
Public Datasets

Citizen science projects have the potential to address hypotheses requiring extremely large datasets that cannot be collected with the financial and labour constraints of most scientific projects. Data collection by the general public could expand the scope of scientific enquiry if these data accurately capture the system under study. However, data collection inconsistencies by the untrained public may result in biased datasets that do not accurately represent the natural world. In this paper, we harness the availability of scientific and public datasets of the Lyme disease tick vector to identify and account for biases in citizen science tick collections. Estimates of tick abundance from the citizen science dataset correspond moderately with estimates from direct surveillance but exhibit consistent biases. These biases can be mitigated by including factors that may impact collector participation or effort in statistical models, which, in turn, result in more accurate estimates of tick population sizes. Accounting for collection biases within large-scale, public participation datasets could update species abundance maps and facilitate using the wealth of citizen science data to answer scientific questions at scales that are not feasible with traditional datasets.

scholarly journals Occurrence of juvenile Dermacentor reticulatus ticks in three regions in Poland: the final evidence of the conquest

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Dwużnik-Szarek ◽  
Ewa Julia Mierzejewska ◽  
Anna Bajer
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Dermacentor Reticulatus ◽  
Tick Population ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Haemaphysalis Concinna ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
The Western Region ◽  
June July

Abstract Background Two populations of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks (Western and Eastern) in Poland are among the most dynamic tick populations in Central Europe. Expansion and settlement of ticks in new localizations depend on the presence of suitable hosts, for both adult and juvenile ticks. Methods The current study was planned to complement our previous studies on questing adult ticks and was focused on a collection of juvenile D. reticulatus ticks from rodents from three regions in Poland, defined by the presence/absence of adult ticks (regions of the Western and Eastern tick population and the gap area between them) to confirm the existence of stable populations. Rodent trapping was conducted in open habitats (fallow lands, wasteland and submerged meadows) in 2016–2018 in June, July and/or August to encompass seasonal peaks of larvae and nymph activity. Results Altogether, three tick species were collected, 2866 D. reticulatus, 2141 Ixodes ricinus and 427 Haemaphysalis concinna. Dermacentor reticulatus was the most common (72.3%) and abundant (mean 17.94 ± 2.62 ticks/rodent) tick species on rodents from the Eastern region; in the Western region infestation of rodents was only 6.8%. Ixodes ricinus was found in all three regions and was the only tick species collected from rodents from the gap area. Haemaphysalis concinna was noted only in the Western region. The highest infestation of juvenile D. reticulatus was recorded on voles (Myodes and Microtus spp.), infestation of I. ricinus was the highest on Apodemus mice, and the majority of H. concinna ticks were collected from root voles Alexandromys oeconomus. Conclusions Our study confirmed a stable population of D. reticulatus in Eastern and Central Poland and a lower prevalence and mean abundance of this tick species among rodents from the Western region. A lack of juvenile D. reticulatus on rodents in Niewiadów confirmed the existence of the gap area, free of D. reticulatus ticks. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Local landscape effects on population dynamics of Ixodes ricinus

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed Asghar ◽  
Mona Petersson ◽  
Magnus Johansson ◽  
Patrik Dinnetz
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Tick Abundance ◽  
Landscape Characteristics ◽  
Vegetation Height ◽  
Study Sites

<em>Ixodes ricinus</em>, a common tick in Europe, transmits severe tickborne pathogens (TBPs). In Sweden, both prevalence and incidence of tick-borne infections have increased during the last few decades, and a majority of the cases is reported from the area around Stockholm. Among ticks, transmission of TBPs involves co-feeding of susceptible larvae or nymphs with infected ticks on the same host. Seasonal synchrony of immature stages and total tick abundance are important factors for the probability of horizontal transmission of TBPs. We have studied the association between local landscape characteristics and population dynamics and the probability of co-occurrence of different life cycle stages of <em>I. ricinus</em> at different locations south of Stockholm, Sweden. We found significant spatiotemporal variation in tick activity patterns. Mean tick abundance varied with a tenfold difference among study sites. The probability of co-occurrence of larvae, nymphs and female adults was highest in June and decreased significantly with vegetation height. In addition, the amount of forest habitat and open water in the surrounding landscape of the study sites expressed significant negative effects on tick abundance and co-occurrence, indicating that environmental heterogeneity may increase the likelihood of good rodent habitats, which in turn, are suitable hosts for immature ticks.

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