Determinants of Eimeria and Campylobacter infection dynamics in UK domestic sheep: the role of co-infection

Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new zoonotic agent that emerged in December 2019, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This infection can be spread by asymptomatic, presymptomatic, and symptomatic carriers. SARS-CoV-2 spreads primarily via respiratory droplets during close person-to-person contact in a closed space, especially a building. This article summarizes the environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, including a strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a building environment. SARS-CoV-2 can persist on surfaces of fomites for at least 3 days depending on the conditions. If SARS-CoV-2 is aerosolized intentionally, it is stable for at least several hours. SARS-CoV-2 is inactivated rapidly on surfaces with sunlight. Close-contact aerosol transmission through smaller aerosolized particles is likely to be combined with respiratory droplets and contact transmission in a confined, crowded, and poorly ventilated indoor environment, as suggested by some cluster cases. Although evidence of the effect of aerosol transmission is limited and uncertainty remains, adequate preventive measures to control indoor environmental quality are required, based on a precautionary approach, because COVID-19 has caused serious global damages to public health, community, and the social economy. The expert panel for COVID-19 in Japan has focused on the “3 Cs,” namely, “closed spaces with poor ventilation,” “crowded spaces with many people,” and “close contact.” In addition, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan has been recommending adequate ventilation in all closed spaces in accordance with the existing standards of the Law for Maintenance of Sanitation in Buildings as one of the initial political actions to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, specific standards for indoor environmental quality control have not been recommended and many scientific uncertainties remain regarding the infection dynamics and mode of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in closed indoor spaces. Further research and evaluation are required regarding the effect and role of indoor environmental quality control, especially ventilation.

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Role of microscopic examination of stool specimens in the diagnosis of campylobacter infection from children with acute diarrhoea in Kampala, Uganda

Tanzania Journal of Health Research ◽

10.4314/thrb.v12i1.56367 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. E. Mshana ◽

M. L. Joloba ◽

A. Kakooza ◽

D. Kaddu-Mulindwa

Keyword(s):

Microscopic Examination ◽

Acute Diarrhoea ◽

Stool Specimens ◽

Campylobacter Infection

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Hantavirus infections in fluctuating host populations: the role of maternal antibodies

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2010.1022 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 277 (1701) ◽

pp. 3783-3791 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Eva R. Kallio ◽

Michael Begon ◽

Heikki Henttonen ◽

Esa Koskela ◽

Tapio Mappes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breeding Season ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Late Summer ◽

Maternal Antibodies ◽

Infection Prevalence ◽

Infection Dynamics ◽

High Infection ◽

Maternal Protection ◽

First Time

Infected females may transfer maternal antibodies (MatAbs) to their offspring, which may then be transiently protected against infections the mother has encountered. However, the role of maternal protection in infectious disease dynamics in wildlife has largely been neglected. Here, we investigate the effects of Puumala hantavirus (PUUV)-specific MatAbs on PUUV dynamics, using 7 years' data from a cyclic bank vole population in Finland. For the first time to our knowledge, we partition seropositivity data from a natural population into separate dynamic patterns for MatAbs and infection. The likelihood of young of the year carrying PUUV-specific MatAbs during the breeding season correlated positively with infection prevalence in the overwintered parent population in the preceding spring. The probability of PUUV infection varied between seasons (highest in spring, lowest in late summer) and depended on population structure, but was also, in late autumn, notably, negatively related to summer MatAb prevalence, as well as to infection prevalence earlier in the breeding season. Hence, our results suggest that high infection prevalence in the early breeding season leads to a high proportion of transiently immune young individuals, which causes delays in transmission. This suggests, in turn, that MatAb protection has the potential to affect infection dynamics in natural populations.

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The Dual Role of CD4 T Helper Cells in the Infection Dynamics of HIV and Their Importance for Vaccination

Journal of Theoretical Biology ◽

10.1006/jtbi.2001.2483 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 214 (4) ◽

pp. 633-646 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

H. KORTHALS ALTES ◽

D. WODARZ ◽

V.A.A. JANSEN

Keyword(s):

T Helper Cells ◽

Dual Role ◽

T Helper ◽

Helper Cells ◽

Infection Dynamics

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Of Mice, Cattle, and Men: A Review of the Eco-Epidemiology of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Ballum

Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease ◽

10.3390/tropicalmed6040189 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 189

Author(s):

Marie Moinet ◽

David A. Wilkinson ◽

Danielle Aberdein ◽

James C. Russell ◽

Emilie Vallée ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Ecology ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Rattus Rattus ◽

Domestic Species ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Infection Dynamics ◽

Narrative Methodology ◽

Leptospira Borgpetersenii ◽

Abattoir Workers

In New Zealand (NZ), leptospirosis is a mostly occupational zoonosis, with >66% of the recently notified cases being farm or abattoir workers. Livestock species independently maintain Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo and L. interrogans serovar Pomona, and both are included in livestock vaccines. The increasing importance in human cases of Ballum, a serovar associated with wildlife, suggests that wildlife may be an overlooked source of infection. Livestock could also act as bridge hosts for humans. Drawing from disease ecology frameworks, we chose five barriers to include in this review based on the hypothesis that cattle act as bridge hosts for Ballum. Using a narrative methodology, we collated published studies pertaining to (a) the distribution and abundance of potential wild maintenance hosts of Ballum, (b) the infection dynamics (prevalence and pathogenesis) in those same hosts, (c) Ballum shedding and survival in the environment, (d) the exposure and competency of cattle as a potential bridge host, and (e) exposure for humans as a target host of Ballum. Mice (Mus musculus), rats (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus) and hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) were suspected as maintenance hosts of Ballum in NZ in studies conducted in the 1970s–1980s. These introduced species are distributed throughout NZ, and are present on pastures. The role of other wildlife in Ballum (and more broadly Leptospira) transmission remains poorly defined, and has not been thoroughly investigated in NZ. The experimental and natural Ballum infection of cattle suggest a low pathogenicity and the possibility of shedding. The seroprevalence in cattle appears higher in recent serosurveys (3 to 14%) compared with studies from the 1970s (0 to 3%). This review identifies gaps in the knowledge of Ballum, and highlights cattle as a potential spillover host. Further studies are required to ascertain the role that wild and domestic species may play in the eco-epidemiology of Ballum in order to understand its survival in the environment, and to inform control strategies.

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Recurrent Campylobacter jejuni Infection in an Immunodeficient Patient Treated with Repeated Faecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT)—A Case Report

Infectious Disease Reports ◽

10.3390/idr14010007 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 56-62

Author(s):

Blair Merrick ◽

Aravind Gokul Tamilarasan ◽

Raphael Luber ◽

Patrick F. K. Yong ◽

Kuldeep Cheent ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Successful Treatment ◽

Common Variable Immunodeficiency ◽

Immunoglobulin Therapy ◽

Faecal Microbiota ◽

Limited Evidence ◽

Campylobacter Infection ◽

Common Variable

There is limited evidence to guide successful treatment of recurrent Campylobacter infection in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) already managed on regular immunoglobulin therapy. The role of faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is uncertain. We report a case of recurrent Campylobacter jejuni infection in a patient with CVID treated with repeated FMT with 18 months of symptom resolution prior to relapse.

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Bluetongue in Europe and the role of wildlife in the epidemiology of disease

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.1515/pjvs-2015-0060 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 455-461 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

W. Niedbalski

Keyword(s):

Roe Deer ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Carrier State ◽

Clinical Disease ◽

Domestic Sheep ◽

African Buffalo ◽

Wild Sheep ◽

South Eastern Europe

Abstract The article reviews a current bluetongue (BT) epidemiological situation in Europe, BT restricted zones and the role of wild ungulates as a reservoir for bluetongue virus (BTV) and its transmission. BT has been eradicated from central and northern Europe, however it is still circulating in some regions of southern and south-eastern Europe. According to the recent information of the Directoriate General for Health and Consumer Affairs (DG SANCO) disease caused by BTV1 was spreading at the beginning of 2014 in Corsica (France). Moreover, four BTV1 cases were noticed in the west Spain (Cáceres province), 59 BTV4 outbreaks in south Spain (Andalusia), 10 in the region of Algarve in Portugal and about 200 outbreaks of BTV4 in Greece (Peloponesse and Evros regions). On 4th July the first outbreak of BTV4 was also confirmed at the south Bulgarian border and by 5th September 2014 disease was noticed in 21 of 28 administrative districts of Bulgaria. In August 2014 the BTV4 disease was reported in south-east of Romania and as for 8th September 184 outbreaks of BT were confirmed in 17 counties of this country. As of 3 September 2014 in Europe there has been fourteen BT-affected zones, in different regions of Italy, Spain, Portugal, Cyprus, Malta, France (Corsica), Greece, Bulgaria and Romania. Most species of wild ruminants and camelids are susceptible to BTV infection, although frequently asymptomatically. Wild sheep, bighorn and mouflon, are susceptible to BTV infection and can develop fatal clinical disease, as do domestic sheep. Experimental or natural infection of antelope, wapiti, musk, ox, bison, yak, white-tailed deer and African buffalo also produced clinical disease, whereas blesbock, mountain gazelle, roe deer, red deer and Eurasian elk did not show clinical sign after natural or experimental infection and infection was recognized by the presence of BTV viral RNA or specific antibodies. The wildlife due to the long-term carrier state may act as a reservoir for BTV and play an important role in its transmission.

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Interaction between the blood fluke,Sanguinicola inermisand humoral components of the immune response of carp,Cyprinus carpio

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182005007651 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 131 (2) ◽

pp. 261-271 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

M. L. ROBERTS ◽

J. W. LEWIS ◽

G. F. WIEGERTJES ◽

D. HOOLE

Keyword(s):

Immune Evasion ◽

Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Host Proteins ◽

Complement Activity ◽

Infection Dynamics ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Antibody Levels ◽

Carp Serum

The effect ofSanguinicola inermison serum antibody and complement activity inCyprinus carpiowas assessed using an ELISA and haemolytic assays. Possible immune evasion strategies were assessed using immunodetection of host proteins on the surface of the parasite. Carp acclimatized to 20 or 25 °C were infected by exposure to 500 cercariae or injected intraperitoneally with 150 cercariae, and serum monitored over a 63-day period. In cercariae-injected carp, irrespective of time and temperature, a significant increase occurred in complement activity being greatest at 25 °C. In addition, fish exposed to the cercariae ofS. inermisand maintained at 20 °C the level of complement activity was significantly higher after 5 weeks compared to controls. At 20 °C intraperitoneal injections of parasites increased serum antibody levels which peaked after 7 days. In contrast, at 25 °C, antibody levels were maintained over 63 days. Exposure of fish to infection did not appear to stimulate antibody production. Immunofluorescence studies revealed ‘host-like’ molecules on the surface of the cercarial body exposed to carp serum and adult flukes obtained directly from the fish or cultured for 24 h in L15 medium. The possible role of ‘host-like’ molecules in immune evasion is discussed and the response at different temperatures is related to infection dynamics.

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