Clustering of Brugia malayi infection in a community in South-Sulawesi, Indonesia

Parasitology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. TERHELL ◽  
J. J. HOUWING-DUISTERMAAT ◽  
Y. RUITERMAN ◽  
M. HAARBRINK ◽  
K. ABADI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Brugia Malayi ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Filarial Infection ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Specific Igg4 ◽  
Infection Susceptibility ◽  
Study Population

The present study was undertaken in village Karondang in South-Sulawesi, Indonesia, to investigate the influences of genetic, household and environmental factors on Brugia malayi infection. Infection status was determined by measuring both microfilariae in night blood and anti-filarial IgG4, as a marker for detection of active filarial infection. A total of 171 residents participated in the study; familial relationships between subjects were registered to construct pedigrees and distances between households were measured. The data were analysed using a test statistic for familial aggregation. For distribution of microfilariae over the study population a genetic influence on infection susceptibility was favoured over the household and environmental effects. For anti-filarial IgG4, all 3 clustering models gave significant results, suggesting that genetic, household and/or environmental factors influence specific IgG4 antibodies.

The development of specific IgG4 and IgE in a paediatric population is influenced by filarial endemicity and gender

Parasitology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 535-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. TERHELL ◽  
R. PRICE ◽  
J. W. M. KOOT ◽  
K. ABADI ◽  
M. YAZDANBAKHSH
Keyword(s):  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Transmission Intensity ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Filarial Infection ◽  
Low Transmission ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Specific Igg4 ◽  
And Gender

We set out to study how anti-filarial IgG4 and IgE, which have been studied extensively in adult populations, are influenced by gender and by the degree of filarial endemicity during childhood. Development of specific IgG4 and IgE was examined in 502 children aged 3 months to 12 years, who were resident in 3 villages in South-Sulawesi with microfilaria prevalences of 6, 23 and 42%. Specific IgG4 and IgE could be detected as early as 18 months after birth, in low amounts, and increased to levels comparable to those produced by adults at the age of 3 years. A higher prevalence of anti-filarial IgG4 in boys, indicating higher filarial infection compared to girls, became apparent after the age of 7. The specific IgG4 response was strongly influenced by the degree of filarial endemicity and production of this antibody was considerably delayed in the low transmission village. With respect to IgE, it was noted that specific IgE was consistently higher in boys from infancy onwards indicating a predisposition for high IgE production in males. The influence of filarial endemicity was less profound on IgE than on IgG4. In conclusion, reactivity to filarial antigens begins early in life and is differentially influenced by gender and transmission intensity.

Clustering of filarial infection in an age-graded study: genetic, household and environmental influences

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. WAHYUNI ◽  
J. J. HOUWING-DUISTERMAAT ◽  
SYAFRUDDIN ◽  
T. SUPALI ◽  
M. YAZDANBAKHSH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Filarial Infection ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Correlation Structures ◽  
Gain Loss

A statistical method that analyses correlation structures in families to delineate the contribution of genetic, household and environmental factors on clustering of infection, has been applied to data collected in an area endemic for brugian filariasis in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Infection was assessed both by microfilaraemia and by anti-filarial IgG4. The results confirmed earlier findings that genetic factors play an important role in clustering of infection. When clustering of infection was analysed in children (<10 years of age) and adults (>20 years of age) separately, it was found that the genetic factors influence clustering of infection in children more profoundly than environmental or household effects. In contrast, genetic factors could not fully explain the clustering of infection seen in adults, which seemed to be mainly determined by household and environmental effects. The data have implications for genotyping studies in brugian filariasis; they indicate that it may be important to concentrate on the younger age groups where individual environmental effects have not yet overruled the genetic influences on gain/loss of infection.

Regulation of anti-filarial IgE by infection pressure

Parasitology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. TERHELL ◽  
W. A. STOLK ◽  
M. HAARBRINK ◽  
A. MANGALI ◽  
G. J. VAN OORTMARSSEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Level ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Filarial Infection ◽  
Total Ige ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Exposure Age ◽  
Infection Pressure ◽  
Specific Igg4 ◽  
Antibody Levels

In lymphatic filariasis, specific IgG4 responses to the parasite and their relationship with infection have been studied extensively, but only a few studies have concentrated on anti-filarial and total IgE. Here we have investigated the role of filarial infection pressure on production of IgE by considering length of exposure (age), filarial endemicity and parasitological status. Antibody levels were determined in 366 individuals, who were resident in 3 villages in South-Sulawesi, Indonesia, with varying degrees of filarial transmission intensity, as indicated by the prevalence of Brugia malayi microfilaraemia (0·7%, 9% and 32%, respectively). Anti-filarial IgE levels were significantly lower in the low transmission village than in the areas with intermediate and high filarial transmission; however, in the latter village a remarkable suppression of specific IgE was found. Microfilaria-positive individuals showed elevated levels of total IgE, but suppression of specific IgE, which has been reported before. Taken together, these observations suggest that 2 opposing mechanisms regulate anti-parasite IgE expression: increasing experience of filarial infection stimulates specific IgE, but antibody levels become specifically suppressed when microfilariae or adult worms develop. Using a simple mathematical model, we illustrate how anti-filarial IgE increases with parasite antigen up to a threshold level, but levels off and becomes down-regulated after the threshold is exceeded.

scholarly journals The Effects of Environmental Modifications on Improving the Sleep Quality of the Elderly Hospitalized in the Cardiac Care Unit

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoumeh Shohani ◽  
Sanaz Azami ◽  
Hossein Seidkhani ◽  
Zeinab Gholami
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cardiac Care ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Improve Sleep Quality ◽  
Cardiac Care Unit

Background: Sleep deprivation is a common problem among the elderly in the cardiac care unit (CCU). Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the effects of environmental modifications on sleep quality improvement in these people. Methods: The study population included 60 elderly patients whose sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index with even domains. The environmental factors that can disturb sleep quality were determined via a questionnaire, including 13 questions on a 5-point Likert scale. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed in SPSS 22 software via independent sample student t-test and chi-square. Results: After environmental modifications, the total sleep quality scores changed from 11.8 to 5.96, indicating sleep quality improvement. Before executing the environmental modifications, there were no significant correlations between sleep quality scores and demographic variables (sex, age, marital status, and economic status). However, after the modifications, there was a significant relationship between sleep quality and economic status (P = 0.024). Conclusions: Environmental factors can affect sleep quality in the elderly hospitalized in CCU. Therefore, it is possible to improve sleep quality in these individuals by modulating environmental conditions.

Familial Aggregation and Heritability of Aldosteronism with Cardiovascular Events

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. e2176-e2184
Author(s):  
Vin-Cent Wu ◽  
Jeff S Chueh ◽  
Mei-Yun Hsieh ◽  
Ya-Hui Hu ◽  
Kuo-How Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Family History ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
National Health Insurance ◽  
National Health ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
Degree Relative ◽  
Major Cardiovascular Events

Abstract Context To date, the effect of positive family history as a risk factor of primary aldosteronism (PA) is largely unknown. Studies have failed to distinguish the heritability of PA as well as the associations between positive family history of PA and clinical outcomes. Objectives We quantified the prevalence, the extent of familial aggregation, the heritability of PA among family members of patients with PA, and the association between positive PA family history and major cardiovascular events (MACE). Design and Settings Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database, 30 245 077 National Health Insurance beneficiaries (both alive and those deceased between January 1, 1999, and December 31, 2015) were identified. Results We identified 7902 PA patients. Forty-four had PA (0.3%) among 10 234 individuals with affected parents, 2298 with affected offspring, 1924 with affected siblings, and 22 with affected twins. A positive family history was associated with the adjusted relative risk (RR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 11.60 (7.63–17.63) for PA in people with an affected first-degree relative. In subgroup analysis, the risk for PA across all relationships (parent, siblings, offspring, and spouse) showed highly significant differences to PA without family history. The accountability for phenotypic variance of PA was 51.0% for genetic factors, 24.9% for shared environmental factors, and 24.1% for nonshared environmental factors. PA patients with an affected first-degree relative were associated with an increased risk for composite major cardiovascular events (RR 1.31; 95% CI 1.24–1.40, P &lt; .001) compared with PA patients without family history. Conclusion Familial clustering of PA exists among a population-based study, supporting a genetic susceptibility leading to PA. There is increased coaggregation of MACE in first-degree relatives of PA patients. Our findings suggest a strong genetic component in the susceptibility of PA, involving different kinships.

scholarly journals The missing heritability of familial colorectal cancer

Mutagenesis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A Schubert ◽  
Hans Morreau ◽  
Noel F C C de Miranda ◽  
Tom van Wezel
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Somatic Mosaicism ◽  
Missing Heritability ◽  
Polygenic Inheritance ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Panel Testing ◽  
Risk Variants ◽  
Generation Sequencing ◽  
Screening Approaches

Abstract Pinpointing heritability factors is fundamental for the prevention and early detection of cancer. Up to one-quarter of colorectal cancers (CRCs) occur in the context of familial aggregation of this disease, suggesting a strong genetic component. Currently, only less than half of the heritability of CRC can be attributed to hereditary syndromes or common risk loci. Part of the missing heritability of this disease may be explained by the inheritance of elusive high-risk variants, polygenic inheritance, somatic mosaicism, as well as shared environmental factors, among others. A great deal of the missing heritability in CRC is expected to be addressed in the coming years with the increased application of cutting-edge next-generation sequencing technologies, routine multigene panel testing and tumour-focussed germline predisposition screening approaches. On the other hand, it will be important to define the contribution of environmental factors to familial aggregation of CRC incidence. This review provides an overview of the known genetic causes of familial CRC and aims at providing clues that explain the missing heritability of this disease.

scholarly journals Effects of Socio-Environmental Factors on Malaria Infection in Pakistan: A Bayesian Spatial Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Farooq Umer ◽  
Shumaila Zofeen ◽  
Abdul Majeed ◽  
Wenbiao Hu ◽  
Xin Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Malaria Control Program ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Bayesian Spatial Analysis

The role of socio-environmental factors in shaping malaria dynamics is complex and inconsistent. Effects of socio-environmental factors on malaria in Pakistan at district level were examined. Annual malaria cases data were obtained from Directorate of Malaria Control Program, Pakistan. Meteorological data were supplied by Pakistan Meteorological Department. A major limitation was the use of yearly, rather than monthly/weekly malaria data in this study. Population data, socio-economic data and education score data were downloaded from internet. Bayesian conditional autoregressive model was used to find the statistical association of socio-environmental factors with malaria in Pakistan. From 136/146 districts in Pakistan, >750,000 confirmed malaria cases were included, over a three years’ period (2013–2015). Socioeconomic status ((posterior mean value −3.965, (2.5% quintile, −6.297%), (97.5% quintile, −1.754%)) and human population density (−7.41 × 10−4, −0.001406%, −1.05 × 10−4 %) were inversely related, while minimum temperature (0.1398, 0.05275%, 0.2145%) was directly proportional to malaria in Pakistan during the study period. Spatial random effect maps presented that moderate relative risk (RR, 0.75 to 1.24) and high RR (1.25 to 1.99) clusters were scattered throughout the country, outnumbering the ones’ with low RR (0.23 to 0.74). Socio-environmental variables influence annual malaria incidence in Pakistan and needs further evaluation.

scholarly journals The dynamics of microfilaraemia and its relation with development of disease in periodic Brugia malayi infection in South India

1991 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sabesan ◽  
K. Krishnamoorthy ◽  
K. N. Panicker ◽  
P. Vanamail
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
South India ◽  
Female Worm ◽  
Brugia Malayi ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Population At Risk ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Epidemiological Significance

SUMMARYRates of acquisition and loss of Brugia malayi microfilaraemia were estimated using the parasitological data of a cohort of population in Shertallai, South India. The rate of acquisition of microfilaraemia was found to be dependent on age but not gender. The decline in the rate of acquisition of microfilaraemia in adults above 35 years could be due to the development of acquired immunity. The mean reproductive lifespan for the periodic Brugia malayi adult female worm was estimated to be 34 years and it was independent of host age and gender. The age-specific estimated proportion of population at risk (microfilaria carriers who lost their microfilaria in course of time) of developing lymphoedema approximately mirrored the observed age specific prevalence of lymphoedema in the study-population. On an average, 99% of population at risk developed manifestations of disease. The estimated population at risk of developing disease in different endemic areas is compared and its epidemiological significance is discussed.

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