brugia malayi
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2022 ◽  
pp. 108207
Author(s):  
Hathai Nochot ◽  
Sumat Loimek ◽  
Patcharin Priyavoravong ◽  
Sirichit Wongkamchai ◽  
Patsharaporn Techasintana Sarasombath

Author(s):  
J. Vijay ◽  
N. Anuradha ◽  
Viknesh Prabhu ◽  
Patel Harshvardhan Anilbhai

Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic infection caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori.Asymptomatic microfilaria, acute lymphatic filariasis, chronic lymphatic filariasis, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia are the different presentations of lymphatic filariasis. Systemic manifestation can involve joint, kidney, heart and nerve. This article is a case report of lymphatic filariasis with a rare presentation of anasarca and nephritic syndrome.


Author(s):  
Gadis Rinaty Susanty ◽  
Hernayanti Hernayanti ◽  
Dwi Sarwani Sri Rejeki

Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan Province is one of the endemic filariasis areas with Microfilaria rate of 3.4%. One of the efforts made to control this problem is Mass Drug Administration once a year for 5 years. Currently, the Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) method is being developed, a quick and easy diagnostic technique to detect the presence of parasites in the patient's body. This study aims to determine the results of the filariasis diagnostic test using the Brugia malayi RDT on the microscopic examination in Buntoi Village, Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan Province. This research is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach with the research subjects all residents of Buntoi Village with inclusion and exclusion criteria totaling 161 samples. Collecting data was carried out by examination and interviews with questionnaires. Data analysis by calculating the microfilaria rate, sensitivity and specificity and calculating the frequency distribution of research variables. Data is presented in percentage form and displayed in tabular form. The results of the diagnostic study of B. malayi RDT and the microscopic examination were the same, i.e all were negative and no microfilariae were found. The diagnostic test for filariasis RDT Brugia malayi  on microscopic examination (SDJ) obtained 0% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 0% Positive Predictive Value and 100% Negative Predictive Value. The level of public knowledge about filariasis includes 61% good category, knowledge of MDA 40% good category and knowledge about prevention of filariasis in good category 53%.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-85
Author(s):  
Yulidar Yulidar ◽  
Rosdiana Rosdiana ◽  
Ulil Amri Manik ◽  
Veny Wilya ◽  
Nur Ramadhan ◽  
...  

Kabupaten Aceh Jaya termasuk wilayah endmeis filariasis. Pelaksanaan Program pemberian  obat  pencegahan massal (POPM) lima putaran dilakukan dari tahun 2011 sampai 2015. Oleh karena gagal pre-TAS pada tahun 2016, maka dilakuakn POPM 2 putaran lagi tahun 2017 dan 2018. Evaluasi pelaksanaan program pengendalian filariasis berjalan dengan baik namun aspek penyebab kegagalan POPM tidak diketahui secara pasti. Banyak hal yang menjadi faktor resiko penularan filariasis diantaranya keberadaan agent, host (manusia dan hewan) dan faktor lingkungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran densitas mikrofilaria pada reservoir di wilayah endemis filariasis Kabupaten Aceh Jaya terutama Desa Lhok Bout dan Desa Ligan. Penelitian ini merupakan cross sectional dan jumlah hewan yang tertangkap bersifat purposive sampling pada 100 hewan yaitu kucing dan monyet ekor panjang. Pengumpulan data dilkaukan pada bulan Agustus dan Oktober 2017 di Desa Ligan dan Desa Lhok Bout Kabupaten Aceh Jaya. Hasil pemeriksaan mikroskopis pada 83 kucing dan 17 monyet ekorv panjang adalah 4 slide darah kucing ditemukan positif Brugia malayi dan 2 slide darah monyet ekor panjang ditemukan cacing non Brugia malayi yang dicurigai adalah Dilofillaria sp. Oleh karena, kucing dan amonyet ekor panajng positif terdapat cacing mikrofillaria di dalam darahnya maka Kabuapetn Aceh Jaya termasuk wilayah endemis zoonotik reservoir filariasis. Untuk wilayah yang zoonotic reservoir filariasis, pengendalian filariasis tidak hanya pada agent, host manusia namun juga harus memperhatikan host reservoir.Pengendalian cacing Brugia malayi atau non Brugia malayi pada reservoir juga harus dilakukan untuk pemutusan rantai penularan selain pengendalian vector dan usaha lainnya.  


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander F. Flynn ◽  
Rebekah T. Taylor ◽  
Marzena E. Pazgier ◽  
Sasisekhar Bennuru ◽  
Alyssa R. Lindrose ◽  
...  

AbstractLymphatic filariasis (LF) is a debilitating disease that afflicts over 70 million people worldwide. It is caused by the parasitic nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. While efforts to eliminate LF have seen substantial success, complete eradication will likely require more time and resources than predicted. Identifying new drug and vaccine targets in adult filariae could help elimination efforts.This study’s aim was to evaluate intestinal proteins in adult Brugia malayi worms as possible therapeutic targets. Using siRNA, we successfully inhibited transcripts of four candidate genes: Bma-Serpin, Bma-ShTK, Bma-Reprolysin, and Bma-LAD-2. Of those, Bma-LAD-2, an immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule (IgSF CAM), was determined to be essential for adult worm survival. We observed a 70.42% knockdown in Bma-LAD-2 transcript levels 1 day post-siRNA incubation and an 87.02% reduction in protein expression 2 days post-siRNA incubation. This inhibition of Bma-LAD-2 expression resulted in an 80% decrease in worm motility over 6 days, a 93.43% reduction in microfilaria release (Mf) by day 6 post-siRNA incubation, and a significant decrease in MTT reduction. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the loss of microvilli and unraveling of mitochondrial cristae in the intestinal epithelium of Bma-LAD-2 siRNA-treated worms. Strikingly, Bma-LAD-2 siRNA-treated worms exhibited an almost complete loss of pseudocoelomic fluid, suggesting that loss of these tight junctions led to the leakage and subsequent loss of the worm’s structural integrity. Luciferase immunoprecipitation system assay demonstrated that serum from 30 patients with LF did not have detectable IgE antibodies against Bma-LAD-2, indicating that LF exposure does not result in IgE sensitization to this antigen.These results indicate that Bma-LAD-2 is an essential protein for adult Brugia malayi and may be an effective drug or vaccine target. In addition, these findings further validate the strategy of targeting the worm intestine to prevent and treat helminthic infections.Author SummaryBrugia malayi is a parasitic nematode that can cause lymphatic filariasis, a debilitating disease prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries. Significant progress has been made towards eliminating the disease. However, complete eradication may require new therapeutics such as drugs or a vaccine that kill adult filariae. In this study, we identified an immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule (Bma-LAD-2) as a potential drug and vaccine candidate. When we knocked down Bma-LAD-2 expression, we observed a decrease in worm motility, fecundity, and metabolism. We also visualized the loss of microvilli, destruction of the mitochondria in the intestinal epithelium, and loss of pseudocoelomic fluid contents after Bma-LAD-2 siRNA treatment. Finally, we demonstrated that serum from filaria-infected patients does not contain preexisting IgE to Bma-LAD-2, which indicates that this antigen would likely be safe to administer as a vaccine in endemic populations.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marla I. Hertz ◽  
Irene Hamlin ◽  
Amy Rush ◽  
Philip J. Budge

BackgroundRapid and accurate prevalence mapping of lymphatic filariasis (LF) is necessary to eliminate this disfiguring and disabling neglected tropical disease. Unfortunately, rapid tests such as the filariasis test strip (FTS) for Wuchereria bancrofti, the causative agent of LF in Africa, can cross-react with antigens circulating in some persons infected by the African eye worm, Loa loa, rendering the test unreliable in eleven co-endemic nations. The intended target of the FTS is a heavily glycosylated W. bancrofti circulating filarial antigen (Wb-CFA). Previously, we determined that the FTS monoclonal antibody, AD12.1, which detects a carbohydrate epitope on Wb-CFA, also detects multiple L. loa proteins in cross-reactive sera from persons with loiasis. Since the carbohydrate epitope recognized by AD12.1 is present on glycoproteins of other parasitic nematodes, including Brugia species, it is unclear why reactive glycoproteins are not detected in infections with other filarial parasites.MethodsTo gain a better understanding of the proteins recognized by the FTS diagnostic antibody, we used proteomics and lectin array technology to characterize filarial glycoproteins that are bound by the AD12.1 antibody using Brugia malayi as a model.ResultsDistinct but overlapping sets of AD12 glycoproteins were identified from somatic and excretory/secretory worm products. One of the identified proteins, Bm18019 was confirmed as a secreted AD12-reactive glycoprotein by in-gel proteomics and immunoassays. Based on lectin binding patterns, Brugia AD12-reactive glycoproteins express glycans including core fucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose(β1-3)N-acetylgalactosamine in addition to the epitope recognized by AD12.1. None of the lectins that bound B. malayi AD12 glycoproteins had affinity for the Wb-CFA, highlighting a key difference between it and other AD12 glycoproteins.ConclusionsB. malayi somatic and excretory/secretory proteins are similar to L. loa antigens found in FTS-positive human sera, bolstering the hypothesis that circulating L. loa AD12 antigens result from worm tissue damage or death. The difference in glycan and protein composition between the Wb-CFA and other AD12 glycoproteins can be used to differentiate LF from cross-reactive loiasis.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
C. H. Mallawarachchi ◽  
T. G. A. N. Chandrasena ◽  
G. P. Withanage ◽  
R. Premarathna ◽  
S. M. N. S. M. Mallawarachchi ◽  
...  

Sri Lanka achieved elimination status for lymphatic filariasis in 2016; still, the disease remains a potential public health issue. The present study is aimed at identifying a subperiodic Brugia sp. parasite which has reemerged in Sri Lanka after four decades via molecular-based analysis. Polymerase chain reaction performed with pan-filarial primers specific for the internal transcribed spacer region-2 (ITS-2) of the rDNA of Brugia filarial parasites isolated from human, canine, and feline blood samples yielded a 615 bp band establishing the species identity as Brugia malayi. Comparison of the ITS2 sequences of the reemerged B. malayi isolates with GenBank sequences revealed a higher sequence homology with B. pahangi than B. malayi with similar phylogenetic evidence. However, the mean interspecies Kimura-2-parameter pairwise divergence between the generated Brugia sequences with B. malayi and B. pahangi was less than 3%. During the analysis of parsimony sites of the new ITS2 sequences, substitutions at A36T, A296G, T373A, and G482A made the sequences different from both B. pahangi and B. malayi suggesting the possibility of a new genetic variant or a hybrid strain of B. malayi and B. pahangi. Mosquito dissections and xenomonitoring identified M. uniformis and M. annulifera as vectors of this novel strain of B. malayi circulating among cats, dogs, and humans in Sri Lanka.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhanva S. Kashyap ◽  
Saurabh Verma ◽  
Mark McHugh ◽  
Mengisteab Wolday ◽  
Paul D. Williams ◽  
...  

AbstractHomeostatic plasticity refers to the capacity of excitable cells to regulate their activity to make compensatory adjustments to long-lasting stimulation. It is found across the spectrum of vertebrate and invertebrate species and is driven by changes in cytosolic calcium; it has not been explored in parasitic nematodes when treated with therapeutic drugs. Here we have studied the adaptation of Brugia malayi to exposure to the anthelmintic, levamisole that activates muscle AChR ion-channels. We found three phases of the Brugia malayi motility responses as they adapted to levamisole: an initial spastic paralysis; a flaccid paralysis that follows; and finally, a recovery of motility with loss of sensitivity to levamisole at 4 h. Motility, calcium-imaging, patch-clamp and molecular experiments showed the muscle AChRs are dynamic with mechanisms that adjust their subtype composition and sensitivity to levamisole. This homeostatic plasticity allows the parasite to adapt resisting the anthelmintic.


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